Nomenclature
Greek letters
Subscripts
References
- Andrea, T. D., P. F., Henshaw, D. S. K., Ting 2004. The Addition of Hydrogen to a Gasoline Fuelled SI Engine.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 29: 1541–1552. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.02.002) doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.02.002
- Caton, J. A. 2000a. On the Destruction of Availability (Exergy) Due to Combustion Processes with Specific Application to Internal Combustion Engines.. Energy, 25: 1097–1117. (doi:10.1016/S0360-5442(00)00034-7) doi: 10.1016/S0360-5442(00)00034-7
- Caton, J. A. 2000b. A Review of Investigations Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics to Study Internal Combustion Engines., , SAE International, Paper No. 2000-01-1081. doi: 10.4271/2000-01-1081
- Cengel, Y. A., M. A., Boles 2008. Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach, 6 New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Christensen, M., B., Johansson, P., Eirewall 1997. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Using Isooctane, Ethanol and Natural Gas a Comparison with Spark Ignition Operation., , SAE Technical Paper 972874., (doi:10.4271/972874) doi: 10.4271/972874
- Das, L. M. 1990. Hydrogen Engines – a View of the Past and a Look into the Future.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 15: 425–443. (doi:10.1016/0360-3199(90)90200-I) doi: 10.1016/0360-3199(90)90200-I
- Das, L. M. 2002. Near Term Introduction of Hydrogen Engines for Automotive and Agricultural Application.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 27: 479–487. (doi:10.1016/S0360-3199(01)00163-X) doi: 10.1016/S0360-3199(01)00163-X
- Daw, S. C., K., Chakravarthy, J. C., Conklin, R. L., Graves 2006. Minimizing Destruction of Thermodynamic Availability in Hydrogen Combustion.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31: 728–736. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.06.022) doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.06.022
- Flynn, P. F., K. L., Hoag, M. M., Kamel, R. J., Primus 1984. A New Perspective on Diesel Engine Evaluation Based on Second-Law Analysis., , SAE Paper No. 840032., (doi:10.4271/840032) doi: 10.4271/840032
- Gomes Antunes, J. M., R., Mikalsen, A. P., Roskilly 2008. An Investigation of Hydrogen Fuelled HCCI Engine Performance and Operation.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33: 5823–5828. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.121) doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.121
- Graves, R., S., Daw, J., Conklin, V. K., Chakravarthy 2006. Advanced Combustion and Emission Research for High Efficiency Engines 2004.. Advanced Combustion Engine R&D, , 21–28:. 25–32.
- Ismail, S., P. S., Mehta 2011. Second Law Analysis of Hydrogen Air Combustion in a Spark Ignition Engine.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36: 931–946. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.10.022) doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.10.022
- Karim, G. A. 2003. Hydrogen as a Spark Ignition Engine Fuel.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 28: 569–577. (doi:10.1016/S0360-3199(02)00150-7) doi: 10.1016/S0360-3199(02)00150-7
- Khaliq, A., S. K., Trivedi, I., Dincer 2011. Investigation of a Wet Ethanol Operated HCCI Engine Based on First and Second Law Analyses.. Applied Thermal Engineering, 31: 1621–1629. (doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.02.001) doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.02.001
- Najt, P. M., D. E., Foster 1983. Compression Ignited Homogeneous Charge Combustion., , SAE Technical Paper No. 830264., (doi:10.4271/830264) doi: 10.4271/830264
- Nieminen, J., I., Dincer 2010. Comparative Exergy Analyses of Gasoline and Hydrogen Fuelled ICEs.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35: 5124–5132. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.09.003) doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.09.003
- Nieminen, J., N., D'Souza, I., Dincer 2010a. Comparative Combustion Characteristics of Gasoline and Hydrogen Fuelled ICEs.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 10: 5114–5123. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.08.098
- Onishi, S., S. H., Jo, K., Shoda, P. D., Jo, S., Kato 1979. Active Thermo-atmosphere Combustion – a New Combustion Process for Internal Combustion Engines., , SAE Technical Paper 790501., (doi:10.4271/790501) doi: 10.4271/790501
- Ozcan, H. 2010. Hydrogen Enrichment Effects on the Second Law Analysis of a Lean Burn Natural Gas Engine.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35: 1443–5132. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.039) doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.039
- Pundir, B. P. 2010. IC Engines Combustion and Emissions, 1 New Delhi: Narosa Publication.
- Rakopolous, C. D., E. G., Giakoumis 2006. Second Law Analysis Applied to Internal Combustion Engines Operation.. Progress in Energy Combustion Science, 32: 2–47. (doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2005.10.001) doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2005.10.001
- Rakopolous, C. D., D. C., Kyritsis 2006. Hydrogen Enrichment Effects on the Second Law Analysis of Natural and Landfill Gas Combustion in Engine Cylinders.. International Journal Hydrogen Energy, 31: 1384–1393. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.11.002) doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.11.002
- Rakopolous, C. D., C. N., Michos 2009. Generation of Combustion Irreversibilities in a Spark Ignition Engine under Biogas Hydrogen Mixtures Fuelling.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34: 4422–4437. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.087) doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.087
- Rakopolous, C. D., M. A., Scott, D. C., Kyritsis, E. G., Giakoumis 2008. Availability Analysis of Hydrogen/Natural Gas Blends Combustion in Internal Combustion Engines.. Energy, 33: 248–255. (doi:10.1016/j.energy.2007.05.009) doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2007.05.009
- Ryan III, T. W., T. J., Callahan 1996. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition of Diesel Fuel., , SAE Technical Paper 561160., (doi:10.4271/961160) doi: 10.4271/961160
- Sonntag, R. E., C., Bognakke, G. J., Van Wylen 1998. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 5New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Verhelst, S., R., Sierens 2007. A Quasidimensional Model for the Power Cycle of a Hydrogen Fuelled ICE.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32: 3545–3554. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.02.011) doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.02.011
- Verhelst, S., T., Wallner 2009. Hydrogen Fuelled Internal Combustion Engines.. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 35: 490–527. (doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2009.08.001) doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.08.001
- White, C. M., R. R., Steeper, A. E., Lutz 2006. The Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engine: A Technical Review.. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31: 1292–1305. (doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.12.001) doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.12.001