The potential contribution of geothermal energy to electricity supply in Saudi Arabia

References

• Al-Dayel, M. 1988. “Geothermal Resources in Saudi Arabia.” Geothermics 17 (2–3): 465–476. doi: 10.1016/0375-6505(88)90076-4
   Google Scholar
• Almazroui, M., M. N. Islam, H. Athar, P. D. Jones, and M. A. Rahman. 2012. “Recent Climate Change in the Arabian Peninsula: Annual Rainfall and Temperature Analysis of Saudi Arabia for 1979–2009.” Interernational Journal of Climatology 32: 953–966. doi: 10.1002/joc.3446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alnatheer, O. 2005. “The Potential Contribution of Renewable Energy to Electricity Supply in Saudi Arabia.” Energy Policy 33: 2298–2312. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2003.12.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Rashed, F., and M. Asif. 2012. “Prospects of Renewable Energy to Promote Zero-Energy Residential Buildings in the KSA.” Energy Procedia 18: 1096–1105. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.124
   Google Scholar
• Al-Saleh, Y. M., P. Upham, and K. Malik. 2008. “Renewable Energy Scenarios for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Working Paper 125, 50 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Shanti, A. M. S., and A. H. G. Mitchell. 1976. “Late Precambrian Subduction and Collision in the Al Amar-Idsas Region, Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” Tectonophysics 30: T41–T47. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(76)90185-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer, H. J., Z. El Isa, H. Hotezl, J. Mechie, C. Prodehl, and G. Saffarini. 1989. “Large Tectonic and Lithospheric Structures of the Red Sea Region.” Journal of African Earth Sciences 8: 565–587. doi: 10.1016/S0899-5362(89)80045-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertani, R. 2010. Geothermal Power Generation in the World 2005–2010 Update Report. Proceed. World Geothermal Congress, Bali.
   Google Scholar
• Bodvarsson, G. S., K. Pruess, V. Steffansson, S. Bjornsson, and S. B. Ojiambo. 1987. “East Olkaria Geothermal Field, Kenya 2. Predictions of Well Performance and Reservoir Depletion.” Journal of Geophysical Research 92: 541–554. doi: 10.1029/JB092iB01p00541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosworth, W., P. Huchon, and K. McClay. 2005. “The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Basins.” Journal of African Earth Sciences 43: 334–378. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camp, V. E., and M. J. Roobol. 1992. “Upwelling Asthenosphere Beneath Western Arabia and Its Regional Implications.” Journal of Geophysical Research 97: 15255–15271. doi: 10.1029/92JB00943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekharam, D., and M. C. Antu. 1995. “Geochemistry of Tattapani Thermal Springs, Madhya Pradesh, India-Field and Experimental Investigations.” Geothermics 24 (4): 553–559. doi: 10.1016/0375-6505(95)00005-B
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekharam, D., and J. Bundschuh. 2008. Low Enthalpy Geothermal Resources for Power Generation. London: Taylor & Francis, 169.
   Google Scholar
• Chandarasekharam, D., Aref Lashin, and Nassir Al Arifi. 2014a. “CO2 Mitigation Strategy Through Geothermal Energy, Saudi Arabia.” Renewables and Sustainable Energy Reviews 38: 154–163. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandarasekharam, D., Aref Lashin, and Nassir Al Arifi. 2014b. “Meeting Future Energy Demand of Saudi Arabia Through High Heat Generating Granites.” International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering 7: 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, R. G., R. T. Gregory, and G. F. Brown. 1983. Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks of Saudi Arabia. USGS Open File Report 83–788.
   Google Scholar
• Debayle, E., J. J. Leveque, and M. Cara. 2001. “Seismic Evidence for a Deeply Rooted Low-Velocity Anomaly in the Upper Mantle Beneath the North Eastern Afro/Arabian Continent.” Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 193: 423–436. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00509-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, R. A., and A. M. Al-Amri. 2013. “Timing and Composition of Volcanic Activity at Harrat Lunayyir, Western Saudi Arabia.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 260: 103–116. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EIA. 2013. Energy Consumption: Country: Saudi Arabia. Energy Information Administration 2013 Report.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, J. E. 1983. Peralkaline and Peralumnois Granites and Related Mineral Deposits of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. USGS Open File Report 83–389, 37 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gettings, M. E., H. R. Blank, W. D. Mooney, and J. H. Healey. 1986. “Crustal Structure of South-Western Saudi Arabia.” Journal of Geophysical Research 91: 6491–6512. doi: 10.1029/JB091iB06p06491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley, D. G., and R. J. Fleck. 1979. Reconnaissance Geology of the Al Lith Quadrangle Sheet 20/40C, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. USGS Open File Report 80–128, 19 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, N. B. W. 1985. “Alkaline Complexes from the Arabian Shield.” Journal of African Earth Sciences 3: 83–88. doi: 10.1016/0899-5362(85)90025-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein, M. T., and O. A. Loni. 2011. “Major ionic composition of Jizan thermal springs, Saudi Arabia.” Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences 2 (1): 190–196.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, M. T., A. Lashin, A. Al Bassam, N. Al Arifi, and I. Al Zahrani. 2013. “Geothermal Power Potential at the Western Coastal Part of Saudi Arabia.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 26: 668–684. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEA. 2012. CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion. International Energy Agency Report, 124 pp.
   Google Scholar
• IEA. 2013a. World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency, 165 pp.
   Google Scholar
• IEA. 2013b. Water for Power. International Energy Agency, 178p.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2007. Mitigation of Climate Change.
   Google Scholar
• Lashin, A., and N. Al-Arifi. 2012. “The Geothermal Potential of Jizan Area, Southwestern Parts of Saudi Arabia.” International Journal of Physical Sciences 7 (4): 664–675.
   Google Scholar
• Lashin, A., D. Chandrasekharam, N. Al Arifi, A. Al Bassam, and C. Varun. 2014. “Geothermal Energy Resources of Wadi Al-Lith, Saudi Arabia.” Journal of African Earth Sciences 97: 357–367. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.05.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lashin, A., D. Chandrasekharam, N. Al Arifi, A. Al Bassam, and C. Varun. Forthcoming. “High Heat Generating Granites of Western Saudi Arabia.” Geothermal Resources Council Transactions.
   Google Scholar
• Lund, J. W., D. H. Freeston, and T. L. Boyd. 2010. “Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2010 Worldwide Review.” Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, Bali, Indonesia, April 25–29, 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Minissale, A., M. A. Mattash, O. Vaselli, F. Tassi, I. N. Al-Ganad, E. Selmo, N. M., Shawki, et al. 2007. “Thermal Springs, Fumaroles and Gas Vents of Continental Yemen: Their Relation with Active Tectonics, Regional Hydrology and the Country's Geothermal Potential.” Applied Geochemistry 22: 799–820.
   Google Scholar
• Minissale, A., O. Vaselli, M. Mattash, G. Montegrossi, F. Tassi, A. Ad-Dukkain, U. Kalberkamp, A. Al-Sabri, and T. Al Kohlani. 2013. “Geothermal Prospecting by Geochemical Methods in the Quaternary Volcanic Province of Dhamar (Central Yemen).” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 249: 95–108. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney, W. D., M. E. Gettings, H. R. Blank, and J. H. Healy. 1985. “Saudi Arabian Seismic-Refraction Profile: A Traveltime Interpretation of Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure.” Techtonophysics 111: 173–246. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(85)90287-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OPEC. 2012. Annual Statistical Bulletin, 139 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Pallister, J. 1986a. Geological Map of the Al-Lith Quadrangle, Scale 1:250,000. Sheet 20D, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
   Google Scholar
• Pallister, J. S. 1986b. Red-Sea Rift Magmatism Near Al Lith, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. USGS Open File Report 86–565.
   Google Scholar
• Pallister, J. S., W. A. McCausland, S. Jonsson, Z. Lu, H. M. Zahran, S. El Hadidy, A. Aburukbah, et al. 2010. “Broad Accommodation of Rift-Related Extension Recorded by Dyke Intrusion in Saudi Arabia.” Nature Geoscience 3: 705–712. doi:10.1038/ngeo966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, S. M., and A. N. Khondaker. 2012. “Mitigation Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Enhance Carbon Capture and Storage in Saudi Arabia.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 2446–2460. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman, S. 2010. Geothermal Resources of Saudi Arabia. Country Update Report Proceed. World Geothermal Congress, Bali.
   Google Scholar
• Rehman, S., and A. Shash. 2005. Geothermal Resources of Saudi Arabia. Country Update Report Proceed. World Geothermal Congress, Turkey.
   Google Scholar
• Rybach, L. 1976. Radioactive Heat Production: A Physical Property Determined by the Chemistry in the Physical and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks. Edited by R. G. J. Strens. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
   Google Scholar
• Savage, D., M. R. Cave, and A. E. Mildowski. 1985. “The Origin of Saline Groundwater in Granite Rocks: Evidence from Hydrothermal Experiments.” Materials Research Society 50: 121–128. doi: 10.1557/PROC-50-121
   Google Scholar
• Sharqawy, M. H., S. A. Said, E. M. Mokheimer, M. A. Habib, H. M. Badr, and N. A. Al-Shayea. 2009. “First In Situ Determination of the Ground Thermal Conductivity for Boreholeheat Exchanger Applications in Saudi Arabia.” Renewable Energy 34: 2218–2223. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somerville, M., D. Wyborn, P. Chopra, S. Rahman, Don Estrella, and Theo Van der Meulen. 1994. Hot Dry Rock Feasibility Study. Energy Research and Development Corporation, Unpublished Report, 128 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Stoeser, D. B. 1986. “Distribution and Tectonic Setting of Plutonic Rocks of the Arabian Shield.” Journal of African Earth Sciences 4: 31–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoeser, D. B., J. S. Stacey, W. R. Greenwood, and L. B. Fischer. 1984. U/Pb Zircon Geochronology of the Southern Portion of the Nabitah Mobile belt and Pan-African Continental Collision in the Saudi Arabian Shield. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Technical Record USGS·TR-04-05.
   Google Scholar
• Taleb, H. M. 2009. “Barriers Hindering the Utilisation of Geothermal Resources in Saudi Arabia.” Energy for Sustainable Development 13: 183–188. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2009.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WB. 2009. State and Trends of the Carbon Market, 2009. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Wier, K. L., and D. G. Hadley. 1975. Reconnaissance Geology of the Wadi Sa'diyah Quadrangle. Sheet 20/40, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. USGS Open File 75–493, 20 pp.
   Google Scholar