Optimising natural ventilation using courtyard strategies: CFD simulation of a G + 1 office building in Madinah

References

• Abdulkareem, H. A. 2016. “Thermal Comfort Through the Microclimates of the Courtyard. A Critical Review of the Middle-Eastern Courtyard House as a Climatic Response.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 216: 662–674.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Hafith, O., B. K. Satish, S. Bradbury, and P. de Wilde. 2017. “Simulation of Courtyard Spaces in a Desert Climate.” Energy Procedia 142: 1997–2002.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Hemiddi, N. A., and K. A. Megren Al-Saud. 2001. “The Effect of a Ventilated Interior Courtyard on the Thermal Performance of a House in a Hot-Arid Region.” Renewable Energy 24 (3): 581–595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Masri, N., and B. Abu-Hijleh. 2012. “Courtyard Housing in Midrise Buildings: An Environmental Assessment in Hot-Arid Climate.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (4): 1892–1898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alaidroos, A., and M. Krarti. 2016. “Evaluation of Passive Cooling Systems for Residential Buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 138: 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldawoud, A. 2017. “Windows Design for Maximum Cross-Ventilation in Buildings.” Advances in Building Energy Research 11: 67–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhamad, I. M., M. H. AlSaleem, and H. Taleb. 2018. “Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET) Dubai, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 2018 Feb. 6 – 2018 April 5 (2018) 2018 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (aset).” Natural Ventilation Potential Strategies in Warm Winter Climate Zones – A Case Study of Dubai, pp. 1–4. IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Almatawa, M. S., A. A. Elmualim, and E. A. Essah. 2012. “Passive and Active Hybrid Approach to Building Design in Saudi Arabia.” In Eco Architecture IV, edited by C. A. Brebbia, 163–174. Southampton: WIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Almhafdy, A., N. Ibrahim, S. S. Ahmad, and J. Yahya. 2013. “Courtyard Design Variants and Microclimate Performance.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 101: 170–180.
   Google Scholar
• American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 2001. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. New York: Director, Communications and Publications Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Andido, Christhina, Richard de Dear, and Roberto Lamberts. 2008. “Natural Ventilation and Thermal Comfort: Air Movement Acceptability Inside Naturally Ventilated Buildings in Brazilian Hot Humid Zone.” Proceedings of Conference: Air Conditioning and the Low Carbon Cooling Challenge, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK.
   Google Scholar
• ASHRAE Technical FAQ. 2019. What are the Recommended Indoor Temperature and Humidity Levels for Homes? Accessed August 30, 2019. https://www.ashrae.org.
   Google Scholar
• Berkovic, S., A. Yezioro, and A. Bitan. 2012. “Study of Thermal Comfort in Courtyards in Hot Arid Climate.” Solar Energy 86: 1173–1186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittencourt, L., and L. Peixoto. 2001. “The Influence of Different Courtyard Configurations on Natural Ventilation Throughout Low-Rise School Buildings.” Seven international IBPSA Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
   Google Scholar
• Bohong, B., and B. Lin. 2015. “Numerical Studies of the Outdoor Wind Environment and Thermal Comfort at Pedestrian Level in Housing Blocks with Different Building Layout Patterns and Trees Arrangement.” Renewable Energy 73: 18–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. 2018. “Saudi Arabia Construction Sector to Increase 4%.” International Construction. Accessed December 4, 2018. https://www.khl.com/international-construction/saudi-arabia-construction-sector-to-increase-4/135454.article.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., L. K. Norford, H. W. Samuelson, and A. Malkawi. 2018. “Optimal Control of Hvac and Window Systems for Natural Ventilation Through Reinforcement Learning.” Energy & Buildings 169: 195–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Climatemps. 2018. Madinah, Saudi Arabia Climate Graphs. Accessed April 2, 2018. http://www.madinah.climatemps.com/graph.php.
   Google Scholar
• Crawley, D. B., J. W. Hand, M. Kummert, and B. T. Griffith. 2008. “Contrasting the Capabilities of Building Energy Performance Simulation Programs.” Building and Environment 43 (4): 661–673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuce, P. M., and S. Riffat. 2016. “A State of the Art Review of Evaporative Cooling Systems for Building Applications.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54: 1240–1249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curto, D., V. Franzitta, S. Longo, F. Montana, and E. Riva Sanseverino. 2019. “Investigating Energy Saving Potential in a Big Shopping Center Through Ventilation Control.” Sustainable Cities and Society 49: 101525–101525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, B. 2006. Courtyard Housing: Past, Present, and Future. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Engineering ToolBox. 2010. Predicted Mean Vote Index (PMV). [online] Accessed August 31, 2019. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/predicted-mean-vote-index-PMV-d_1631.html.
   Google Scholar
• Etheridge, D. 2014. Natural Ventilation of Buildings: Theory, Measurement and Design. Sussex: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ezzeldin, S., and S. J. Rees. 2013. “The Potential for Office Buildings with Mixed-Mode Ventilation and Low Energy Cooling Systems in Arid Climates.” Energy & Buildings 65: 368–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase, M., and A. Amato. 2009. “An Investigation of the Potential for Natural Ventilation and Building Orientation to Achieve Thermal Comfort in Warm and Humid Climates.” Solar Energy 83 (3): 389–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, M., F. Nicol, and S. Roaf. 2015. Adaptive Thermal Comfort: Foundations and Analysis. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• López-Cabeza, V. P., C. Galán-Marín, C. Rivera-Gómez, and J. Roa-Fernández. 2018. “Courtyard Microclimate Envi-Met Outputs Deviation From the Experimental Data.” Building and Environment 144: 129–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manioğlu, G., and Oral G. Koçlar. 2015. “Effect of Courtyard Shape Factor on Heating and Cooling Energy Loads in Hot-Dry Climatic Zone.” Energy Procedia 78: 2100–2105.
   Google Scholar
• Markus, B. 2016. “A Review on Courtyard Design Criteria in Different Climatic Zones.” African Research Review 10 (5): 181–192.
   Google Scholar
• Muhsin, F., W. F. M. Yusoff, M. F. Mohamed, and A. R. Sapian. 2017. “Cfd Modeling of Natural Ventilation in a Void Connected to the Living Units of Multi-Storey Housing for Thermal Comfort.” Energy & Buildings 144: 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, Jens-Dominik. 2015. Essentials of Computational Fluid Dynamics. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicol, J. F., and M. A. Humphreys. 2002. “Adaptive Thermal Comfort and Sustainable Thermal Standards for Buildings.” Energy & Buildings 34 (6): 563–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omrani, S., V. Garcia-Hansen, B. R. Capra, and R. Drogemuller. 2017. “Effect of Natural Ventilation Mode on Thermal Comfort and Ventilation Performance: Full-Scale Measurement.” Energy & Buildings 156: 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perén, J. I., T. van Hooff, B. C. C. Leite, and B. Blocken. 2015. “Cfd Analysis of Cross-Ventilation of a Generic Isolated Building with Asymmetric Opening Positions: Impact of Roof Angle and Opening Location.” Building and Environment 85: 263–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prajongsan, P., and S. Sharples. 2012. “Enhancing Natural Ventilation, Thermal Comfort and Energy Savings in High-Rise Residential Buildings in Bangkok Through the Use of Ventilation Shafts.” Building and Environment 50: 104–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajapaksha, I., H. Nagai, and M. Okumiya. 2003. “A Ventilated Courtyard as a Passive Cooling Strategy in the Warm Humid Tropics.” Renewable Energy 28 (11): 1755–1778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raji, B., M. J. Tenpierik, R. M. J. Bokel, and A. A. J. F. van den Dobbelsteen. 2019. “Natural Summer Ventilation Strategies for Energy-Saving in High-Rise Buildings: A Case Study in the Netherlands.” International Journal of Ventilation 19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciu, R., A. Galatioto, G. Desogus, and L. A. Besalduch. 2018. “Uncertainty in the Evaluation of the Predicted Mean Vote Index Using Monte Carlo Analysis.” Journal of Environmental Management 223: 16–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Algeciras, José, A. Tablada, M. Chaos-Yeras, G. De la Paz, and A. Matzarakis. 2018. “Influence of Aspect Ratio and Orientation on Large Courtyard Thermal Conditions in the Historical Centre of Camagüey-Cuba.” Renewable Energy 125: 840–856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadafi, N., E. Salleh, L. C. Haw, and Z. Jaafar. 2011. “Evaluating Thermal Effects of Internal Courtyard in a Tropical Terrace House by Computational Simulation.” Energy & Buildings 43 (4): 887–893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saudi Energy and Efficiency Center. 2019. Buildings Energy Consumption. Accessed May 1, 2019. https://www.seec.gov.sa/en/blog/buildings.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze, T., D. Gürlich, and U. Eicker. 2018. “Performance Assessment of Controlled Natural Ventilation for Air Quality Control and Passive Cooling in Existing and New Office Type Buildings.” Energy & Buildings 172: 265–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siew, C. C., et al. 2011. “Classification of Natural Ventilation Strategies in Optimizing Energy Consumption in Malaysian Office Buildings.” Procedia Engineering 20 (0): 363–371.
   Google Scholar
• Soflaei, F., M. Shokouhian, H. Abraveshdar, and A. Alipour. 2017. “The Impact of Courtyard Design Variants on Shading Performance in Hot- Arid Climates of Iran.” Energy & Buildings 143: 71–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taleb, H. M., and S. Sharples. 2011. “Developing Sustainable Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia: A Case Study.” Applied Energy 88 (1): 383–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, Z., Y. Chen, and A. Malkawi. 2016. “Defining the Influence Region in Neighborhood-Scale Cfd Simulations for Natural Ventilation Design.” Applied Energy 182: 625–633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Data. 2019. Energy Consumption in Saudi Arabia. Accessed May 11, 2019. https://www.worlddata.info/asia/saudi-arabia/energy-consumption.php.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., N. Li, P. Wargocki, J. Peng, J. Li, and H. Cui. 2019. “Adaptive Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Dormitory Buildings in Changsha, China.” Energy & Buildings 186: 56–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhivov, A. L., H. A. Skistad, E. L. Mundt, V. Posokhin, M. Ratcliff, E. Shilkrot, and A. Strongin. 2001. “Principles of Air and Contaminant Movement Inside and Around Buildings.” In Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook, edited by H. Fellow and E. Tähti, 415–599. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar