312
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Optimizing the management of children with latent tuberculosis infection

, , , &
Pages 341-349 | Received 27 Jul 2016, Accepted 04 Jan 2017, Published online: 16 Jan 2017

References

  • World Health Organization: Global Tuberculosis Report 2015. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/191102/1/9789241565059_eng.pdf
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe, 2016. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/publications/ecdc-tuberculosis-surveillance-monitoring-europe-2016.pdf
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transmission and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/corecurr/pdf/chapter2.pdf
  • Ritz N, Curtis N. Novel concepts in the epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention of childhood tuberculosis. Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w14000.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Evidence Brief. Tuberculosis in Europe: from passive control to active elimination. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/publications/tuberculosis-evidence-brief-low-high-incidence-countries.pdf
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculosis (TB) disease: only the tip of the Iceberg. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/infographic/pdf/flyer-tuberculosis-disease-only-the-tip-of-the-iceberg-8.5x11.pdf
  • American Academy of Pediatric. [Tuberculosis]. In Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Kackson MA, et al. Red book: 2015 report of the committeeon infectious diseases. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL:American Academy of Pediatrics; 2015:804–830.
  • Getahun H, Matteelli A, Abubakar I, et al. Management of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: WHO guidelines for low tuberculosis burden countries. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:1563–1576.
  • Chapman HJ, Lauzardo M. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. J Am Board Fam Med. 2014;27:704–712.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tuberculosis. Published date: Jan 2016. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng33/resources/tuberculosis-1837390683589
  • Mandalakas AM, Detjen AK, Hesseling AC, et al. Interferon-gamma release assays and childhood tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15:1018–1032.
  • Farhat M, Greenaway C, Pai M, et al. False-positive tuberculin skin tests: what is the absolute effect of BCG and non-tuberculous mycobacteria? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:1192–1204.
  • Seddon JA, Paton J, Nademi Z, et al. The impact of BCG vaccination on tuberculin skin test responses in children is age dependent: evidence to be considered when screening children for tuberculosis infection. Thorax. 2016;71:932–939.
  • Sollai S, Galli L, De Martino M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the utility of Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: a 2013 update. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:S6.
  • Starke JR. Interferon- release assays for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection and disease in children. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e1763-73.
  • Barcellini L, Borroni E, Brown J, et al. First independent evaluation of QuantiFERON-TB plus performance. Eur Respir J. 2016;47:1587–1590.
  • Barcellini L, Borroni E, Brown J, et al. First evaluation of QuantiFERON-TB gold plus performance in contact screening. Eur Respir J. 2016;48:1411–1419.
  • Chiappini E, Bonsignori F, Mazzantini R, et al. Interferon-gamma release assay sensitivity in children younger than 5 years old is insufficient to replace the use of tuberculin skin test in western countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:1291–1293.
  • Garazzino S, Galli L, Chiappini E, et al. Performance of interferon-γ release assay for the diagnosis of active or latent tuberculosis in children in the first 2 years of age: a multi-center study of the Italian society of paediatric infectious diseases. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:226–231.
  • Sali M, Buonsenso D, Goletti D, et al. Accuracy of QuantiFERON-TB gold test for tuberculosis diagnosis in children. Plos One. 2015;6:10.
  • Machingaidze S, Wiysonge CS, Gonzalez-Angulo Y, et al. The utility of an interferon gamma release assay for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection and disease in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:694–700.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated guidelines for using interferon gamma release assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection — United States, 2010. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtmL/rr5905a1.htm
  • Howley MM, Painter JA, Katz DJ, et al. Tuberculosis epidemiologic studies consortium. evaluation of QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube and tuberculin skin tests among immigrant children being screened for latent tuberculosis infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34:35–39.
  • Campbell JR, Krot J, Elwood K, et al. A systematic review of TST and IGRA tests used for diagnosis of LTBI in immigrants. Mol Diagn Ther. 2015;19:9–24.
  • Ewer K, Deeks J, Alvarez L, et al. Comparison of T-cell-based assay with tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a school tuberculosis outbreak. Lancet. 2003;361:1168–1173.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. TB in specific population. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/populations/tbinchildren/
  • Mandalakas AM, Van Wyk S, Kirchner HL, et al. Detecting tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected children: a study of diagnostic accuracy, confounding and interaction. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32:3.
  • Sollai S, Galli L, De Martino M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the utility of Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: a 2013 update. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:1.
  • Alsleben N, Ruhwald M, Rüssmann H, et al. Interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 as a biomarker for active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection in children: a case-control study. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44:256–262.
  • Whittaker E, Gordon A, Kampmann B. Is IP-10 a better biomarker for active and latent tuberculosis in children than IFNγ? Plos One. 2008;3:3901.
  • Wang S, Diao N, Lu C, et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of IP-10 and IL-2 as biomarkers for the diagnosis of active and latent tuberculosis in a BCG-vaccinated population. Plos One. 2012;7:51338.
  • Wergeland I, Pullar N, Assmus J, et al. IP-10 differentiates between active and latent tuberculosis irrespective of HIV status and declines during therapy. J Infect. 2015;70:381–391.
  • Jeong YH, Hur YG, Lee H, et al. Discrimination between active and latent tuberculosis based on the ratio of antigen-specific to mitogen-induced IP-10 production. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:504–510.
  • Yassin MA, Petrucci R, Garie KT, et al. Can interferon-gamma or interferon-gamma-induced-protein-10 differentiate tuberculosis infection and disease in children of high endemic areas? Plos One. 2011;6:23733.
  • Lighter-Fisher J, Peng CH, Tse DB. Cytokine responses to QuantiFERON® peptides, purified protein derivative and recombinant ESAT-6 in children with tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14:1548–1555.
  • Chiappini E, Della Bella C, Bonsignori F, et al. Potential role of M. tuberculosis specific IFN-γ and IL-2 ELISPOT assays in discriminating children with active or latent tuberculosis. Plos One. 2012;7:46041.
  • Tebruegge M, Dutta B, Donath S, et al. Mycobacteria-specific cytokine responses detect tuberculosis infection and distinguish latent from active tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192:485–499.
  • Chegou NN, Heyckendorf J, Walzl G, et al. Beyond the IFN-γ horizon: biomarkers for immunodiagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:1472–1486.
  • Amanatidou V, Critselis E, Trochoutsou A, et al. Interferon gamma inducible protein-10 in the diagnosis of paediatric tuberculosis infection in a low TB incidence country. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19:1463–1469.
  • Latorre I, Díaz J, Mialdea I, et al. IP-10 is an accurate biomarker for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. J Infect. 2014;69:590–599.
  • Armand M, Chhor V, De Lauzanne A, et al. Cytokine responses to quantiferon peptides in pediatric tuberculosis: a pilot study. J Infect. 2014;68:62–70.
  • Chegou NN, Detjen AK, Thiart L, et al. Utility of host markers detected in Quantiferon supernatants for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children in a high-burden setting. Plos One. 2013;8:64226.
  • Gourgouillon N, De Lauzanne A, Cottart CH, et al. TNF-α/IL-2 ratio discriminates latent from active tuberculosis in immunocompetent children: a pilot study. Pediatr Res. 2012;72:370–374.
  • Hur YG, Crampin AC, Chisambo C, et al. Identification of immunological biomarkers which may differentiate latent tuberculosis from exposure to environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria in children. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014;21:133–142.
  • Ruhwald M, Petersen J, Kofoed K, et al. Improving T-cell assays for the diagnosis of latent TB infection: potential of a diagnostic test based on IP-10. Plos One. 2008;3:2858.
  • Zak DE, Penn-Nicholson A, Scriba TJ, et al. A blood RNA signature for tuberculosis disease risk: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2016;387:2312–2322.
  • Fletcher HA, Snowden MA, Landry B, et al. T-cell activation is an immune correlate of risk in BCG vaccinated infants. Nat Commun. 2016;12:7.
  • Portevin D, Moukambi F, Clowes P, et al. Assessment of the novel T-cell activation marker-tuberculosis assay for diagnosis of active tuberculosis in children: a prospective proof-of-concept study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:931–938.
  • Nicholson EG, Geltemeyer AM, Smith KC. Practice guideline for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children. J Pediatr Health Care. 2015;29:302–307.
  • Gwee A, Coghlan B, Curtis N. Question 1: what are the options for treating latent TB infection in children? Arch Dis Child. 2013;98:468–474.
  • Getahun H, Matteelli A, Abubakar I, et al. Management of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: WHO guidelines for low tuberculosis burden countries. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:1563–1576.
  • Skinner D, Hesseling AC, Francis C, et al. It’s hard work, but it’s worth it: the task of keeping children adherent to isoniazid preventive therapy. Public Health Action. 2013;3:191–198.
  • Cruz AT, Starke JR, Lobato MN. Old and new approaches to diagnosing and treating latent tuberculosis in children in low-incidence countries. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2014;26:106–113.
  • Chang SH, Eitzman SR, Nahid P, et al. Factors associated with failure to complete isoniazid therapy for latent tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents. J Infect Public Health. 2014;7:145–152.
  • Cruz AT, Starke JR. Increasing adherence for latent tuberculosis infection therapy with health department–administered therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:193–195.
  • Cruz AT, Starke JR. Twice-weekly therapy for children with tuberculosis infection or exposure. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:169–174.
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations for use of an isoniazid-rifapentine regimen with direct observation to treat latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:80.
  • Weiner M, Savic RM, Kenzie WR, et al. Rifapentine pharmacokinetics and tolerability in children and adults treated once weekly with rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2014;3:132–145.
  • Villarino ME, Scott NA, Weis SE, et al. Treatment for preventing tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial of a 3 month, 12-dose regimen of a combination of rifapentine and isoniazid. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:247–255.
  • Daskalaki I, Byun J, Dogbey MC, et al. Tolerability of rifampin monotherapy for latent tuberculosis infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:1014–1015.
  • Cruz AT, Starke JR. Safety and completion of a 4 month course of rifampicin for latent tuberculous infection in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18:1057–1061.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control. Published date: Mar 2011. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg117/chapter/guidance
  • Bright-Thomas R, Nadwani S, Smith J, et al. Effectiveness of 3 months of rifampicin and isoniazid chemoprophylaxis for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:600–602.
  • Spyridis NP, Spyridis PG, Gelesme A, et al. The effectiveness of a 9 month regimen of isoniazid alone versus 3 and 4 month regimens of isoniazid plus rifampin for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children: results of an 11 year randomized study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:715–722.
  • Ena J, Valls V. Short-course therapy with rifampin plus isoniazid, compared with standard therapy with isoniazid, for latent tuberculosis infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:670–676.
  • Erkens CG, Slump E, Verhagen M, et al. Monitoring latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis and management in the Netherlands. Eur Respir J. 2016;47:1492–1501.
  • Galli L, Lancella L, Tersigni C, et al. Pediatric Tuberculosis in Italian Children: epidemiological and Clinical Data from the Italian Register of Pediatric Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:960.
  • Venturini E, Turkova A, Chiappini E, et al. Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in children. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:S5.
  • Oudijk JM, McIlleron H, Mulenga V, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-infected children under 3 years on rifampicin-based antituberculosis treatment. Aids. 2012;26:1523–1528.
  • Semvua HH, Kibiki GS, Kisanga ER, et al. Pharmacological interactions between rifampicin and antiretroviral drugs: challenges and research priorities for resource-limited settings. Ther Drug Monit. 2015;37:22–32.
  • Frydenberg AR, Graham SM. Toxicity of first-line drugs for treatment of tuberculosis in children: review. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14:1329–1337.
  • Donald PR. Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in children. Pediatr Rep. 2011;16:3.
  • Science M, Ito S, Kitai I. Isoniazid toxicity in a 5 year-old boy. Cmaj. 2013;185:894–896.
  • Desrochers D, González-Peralta RP, McClenathan DT, et al. Isoniazid-induced severe hepatotoxicity: an infrequent but preventable cause of liver failure in children treated for latent tuberculosis infection. Clin Med Insights Pediatr. 2011;5:9–13.
  • Saukkonen JJ, Cohn DL, Jasmer RM, et al. An official ATS statement: hepatotoxicity of antituberculosis therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:935–952.
  • Chang SH, Nahid P, Eitzman SR. Hepatotoxicity in children receiving isoniazid therapy for latent tuberculosis infection. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2014;3:221–227.
  • Leeb S, Buxbaum C, Fischler B. Elevated transaminases are common in children on prophylactic treatment for tuberculosis. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104:479–484.
  • Cruz AT, Ahmed A, Mandalakas AM, et al. Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2013;2:248–258.
  • Bamrah S, Brostrom R, Dorina F, et al. Treatment for LTBI in contacts of MDR-TB patients, Federated States of Micronesia, 2009-2012. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18:912–918.
  • Feja K, McNelley E, Tran CS, et al. Management of pediatric-resistant tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infections in New York city from 1995 to 2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:907–912.
  • Seddon JA, Garcia-Prats AJ, Kampmann B, et al. Toxicity and tolerability of fluoroquinolone-based preventive therapy for childhood contacts of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:1098–1099.
  • Adler-Shohet FC, Low J, Carson M, et al. Management of latent tuberculosis infection in child contacts of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:664–666.
  • Lange C, Migliori GB European respiratory monograph. Tuberculosis. Available from: http://www.erspublications.com/content/tuberculosis
  • McShane H. Understanding BCG is the key to improving it. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;58:481–482.
  • Mangtani P, Abubakar I, Ariti C, et al. Protection by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:470–480.
  • Kelekçi S, Karabel M, Karabel D, et al. Calmette-Guérin is a preventive factor in mortality of childhood tuberculous meningitis. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;21:1–4.
  • Soysal A, Millington K, Bakir M, et al. Effect of BCG vaccination on risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children with household tuberculosis contact: a prospective community-based study. Lancet. 2005;366:1443–1451.
  • Hill PC, Brookes RH, Adetifa IMO, et al. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunospot assay and tuberculin skin test in healthy children exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1542–1548.
  • Basu Roy R, Sotgiu G, Altet-Gómez N, et al. Identifying predictors of interferon-γ release assay results in pediatric latent tuberculosis: a protective role of bacillus Calmette-Guerin?: a pTB-NET collaborative study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:378–384.
  • Montagnani C, Chiappini E, Galli L, et al. Vaccine against tuberculosis: what’s new? BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(Suppl 1):S2.
  • Khan MS, Fletcher H, Coker R. London school of hygiene and tropical medicine TB centre steering committee, Coker R. Investments in tuberculosis research - what are the gaps? BMC Med. 2016;14:123.
  • Luabeya AK, Kagina BM, Tameris MD, et al. First-in-human trial of the post-exposure tuberculosis vaccine H56: IC31in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected and non-infected healthy adults. Vaccine. 2015;33:4130–4140.
  • Lin PL, Dietrich J, Tan E, et al. The multistage vaccine H56 boosts the effects of BCG to protect cynomolgus macaques against active tuberculosis and reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:303–314.
  • Magdorf K, Detjen AK. Proposed management of childhood tuberculosis in low-incidence countries. Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167:927–938.
  • Sloot R, Schim Van Der Loeff MF, Kouw PM, et al. Risk of tuberculosis after recent exposure. A 10 year follow-up study of contacts in Amsterdam. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:1044–1052.
  • Nenadić N, Kirin BK, Letoja IZ, et al. Serial interferon-γ release assay in children with latent tuberculosis infection and children with tuberculosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47:401–408.
  • Chiappini E, Bonsignori F, Mangone G, et al. Serial T-SPOT.TB and quantiFERON-TB-Gold In-Tube assays to monitor response to anti-tubercular treatment in Italian children with active or latent tuberculosis infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:974–977.
  • Dockrell HM, Brennan P. Towards new TB vaccines: what are the challenges? Pathog Dis. 2016;74:ftw016.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.