The future of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

References

• HIV in the United States: at a glance. Oct 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/ataglance.html.
   Google Scholar
• US Public Health Services. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States – 2014: a clinical practice guidelines. May 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/prepguidelines2014.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Grant R, Lama J, Anderson P, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2587–2599. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1011205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeten J, Donnell D, Ndase P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(5):399–410. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1108524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thigpen M, Kebaabetswe P, Paxton L, et al. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(5):423–434. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1110711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack S, Dunn D, Desai M, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10013):53–60. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00056-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonner V, Dalglish S, Kennedy C, et al. Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. Aids. 2016;30(12):1973–1983. DOI:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9883):2083–2090. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61127-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson L, Taylor D, Roddy R, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for prevention of HIV infection in women: a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Plos Clin Trials. 2007;2(5):e27. DOI:10.1371/journal.pctr.0020027
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marrazzo J, Ramjee G, Richardson B, et al. Tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(6):509–518. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1402269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese S, Underhill K. How stigma surrounding the use of HIV preexposure prophylaxis undermines prevention and pleasure: a call to destigmatize “Truvada whores.”. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(10):1960–1964. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney KP, Sanchez T, Bowles K, et al. Awareness and use of PrEP appear to be increasing among internet samples of US MSM. Feb 2016. http://www.croiconference.org/sites/default/files/posters-2016/889.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bush S, Magnuson D, Rawlings M, et al. Racial characteristics of FTC/TDF for pre-exposure prophylaxis users in the US. June 2016. http://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/4060/presentation/16214.
   Google Scholar
• Truvada [package insert]. Gilead Sciences, Inc. http://www.gilead.com/~/media/files/pdfs/medicines/hiv/truvada/truvada_pi.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mugwanya K, Wyatt C, Celum C, et al. Changes in glomerular kidney function among HIV-1-uninfected men and women receiving emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate preexposure prophylaxis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(2):246–254. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.6786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina J, Capitant C, Spire B, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2237–2246. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1506273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannheimer S, Hirsch-Moverman Y, Loquere A, et al. Feasibility of intermittent PrEP among US MSM: data from the Harlem site. July 2015. http://www.natap.org/2015/IAS/IAS_85.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Holtz TH, Chitwarakorn A, Curlin ME, et al. A comparison of daily and non-daily pre-exposure prophylaxis dosing in Thai men who have sex with men, Bangkok. July 2015. http://www.natap.org/2015/IAS/IAS_99.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Bekker L-G, Hughes J, Amico R, et al. HPTN 067/ADAPT: background and methods and Cape Town results. July 2015. http://www.natap.org/2015/IAS/IAS_98.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim S, Frohlich J, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science. 2010;329(5996):1168–1174. DOI:10.1126/science.1193748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees H, Delany-Moretlwe S, Lombard C, et al. FACTS 001 Phase III trial of pericoital tenofovir 1% gel for HIV prevention in women [abstract 26LB]. Feb 2015. http://www.croiconference.org/sessions/facts-001-phase-iii-trial-pericoital-tenofovir-1-gel-hiv-prevention-women.
   Google Scholar
• Smith J, Rastogi R, Teller R, et al. Intravaginal ring eluting tenofovir disoproxil fumarate completely protects macaques from multiple vaginal simian-HIV challenges. Proc Natl Acad Sci U A. 2013;110(40):16145–16150. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1311355110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan P, Moss J, Gunawardana M, et al. Topical delivery of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine from pod-intravaginal rings protects macaques from multiple SHIV exposures. Plos One. 2016;11(6):e0157061. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0157061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Inc. Safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of a polyurethane tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) vaginal ring (TDF IVR-001). In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2000. [cited 2017 Feb 28]. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02006264 NLM Identifier: NCT02006264.
   Google Scholar
• Auritec pharmaceuticals. Safety and pharmacokinetic study of HIV prophylaxis using antiretroviral intravaginal rings in healthy women. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethseda (MD): national Library of Medicine (US). 2000. [cited 2017 Feb 28]. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02431273 NLM Identifier: NCT 02431273.
   Google Scholar
• FDA News Release. FDA approves new treatment for HIV. Nov 2015. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm471300.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Highleyman L Tenofovir alafenamide equally effective but safer for kidneys and bones than current formulation. Feb 2015. http://www.aidsmap.com/Tenofovir-alafenamide-equally-effective-but-safer-for-kidneys-and-bones-than-current-formulation/page/2949354/. Accessed Jan 3, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Massud I, Mitchell J, Babusis D. et al. Chemoprophylaxis with oral FTC/TAF protects macaques from rectal SHIV infection. Abstract presented at Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI). Feb 22-25, 2016; abstract number 107.
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger E, Johengen D, Luecke E, et al. A tunable, biodegradable, thin-film polymer device as a long-acting implant delivering tenofovir alafenamide fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Pharm Res. 2016;33(7):1649–1656. DOI:10.1007/s11095-016-1904-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunawardana M, Remedios-Chan M, Miller C, et al. Pharmacokinetics of long-acting tenofovir alafenamide (GS-7340) subdermal implant for HIV prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(7):3913–3919. DOI:10.1128/AAC.00656-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tivicay [package insert]. GlaxoSmithKline. https://www.gsksource.com/pharma/content/dam/GlaxoSmithKline/US/en/Prescribing_Information/Tivicay/pdf/TIVICAY-PI-PIL.PDF#page=1.
   Google Scholar
• Trezza C, Ford SL, Spreen W, et al. Formulation and pharmacology of long-acting cabotegravir. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10(4):239–245. DOI:10.1097/COH.0000000000000168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshinaga T, Kobayashi M, Seki T, et al. Antiviral characteristics of GSK1265744, an HIV integrase inhibitor dosed orally or by long-acting injection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(1):397–406. DOI:10.1128/AAC.03909-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreen W, Min S, Ford SL, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and monotherapy antiviral activity of GSK1265744, an HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor. HIV Clin Trials. 2013;14(5):192–203. DOI:10.1310/hct1405-192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreen W, Ford SL, Chen S, et al. GSK1265744 pharmacokinetics in plasma and tissue after single-dose long-acting injectable administration in healthy subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67(5):481–486. DOI:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews C, Spreen W, Mohri H, et al. Long-acting integrase inhibitor protects macaques from intrarectal simian/human immunodeficiency virus. Science. 2014;343(6175):1151–1154. DOI:10.1126/science.1248707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews C, Yueh Y, Spreen W, et al. A long-acting integrase inhibitor protects female macaques from repeated high-dose intravaginal SHIV challenge. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(270):270ra4. DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.3010298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank I, Grant R, Mayer K. et al. ECLAIR: phase 2A safety and PK study of cabotegravir LA in HIV-uninfected men. Boston, MA: 2016.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Safety and efficacy study of injectable cabotegravir compared to daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC), for pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV-uninfected cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men. 2016. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02720094?term=cabotegravir&rank=6.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. NIH launches first large trial of a long-acting injectable drug for HIV prevention: study to test efficacy, safety or injectable cabotegravir compared to daily oral PrEP. Dec 2016. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/nih-launches-first-large-trial-long-acting-injectable-drug-hiv-prevention. Accessed on Mar 5, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Selzentry [package insert]. ViiV Healthcare. https://www.gsksource.com/pharma/content/dam/GlaxoSmithKline/US/en/Prescribing_Information/Selzentry/pdf/SELZENTRY-PI-MG-IFU.PDF.
   Google Scholar
• Veazey RS, Ketas TJ, Dufour J, et al. Protection of rhesus macaques from vaginal infection by vaginally delivered maraviroc, an inhibitor of HIV-1 entry via the CCR5 co-receptor. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(5):739–744. DOI:10.1086/655661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff CP, Kurisu T, Ndolo T, et al. A topical microbicide gel formulation of CCR5 antagonist maraviroc prevents HIV-1 vaginal transmission in humanized RAG-hu mice. Plos One. 2011;6(6):e20209. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0020209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumond JB, Patterson KB, Pecha AL, et al. Maraviroc concentrates in the cervicovaginal fluid and vaginal tissue of HIV-negative women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(5):546–553. DOI:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181ae69c5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massud I, Aung W, Martin A, et al. Lack of prophylactic efficacy of oral maraviroc in macaques despite high drug concentrations in rectal tissues. J Virol. 2013;87(16):8952–8961. DOI:10.1128/JVI.01204-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox J, Tiraboschi JM, Herrera C, et al. Brief report: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic investigation of single-dose oral maraviroc in the context of HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;73(3):252–257. DOI:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coll J, Molto J, Boix J, et al. Single oral dose of maraviroc does not prevent ex-vivo HIV infection of rectal mucosa in HIV-1 negative human volunteers. AIDS Lond Engl. 2015;29(16):2149–2154. DOI:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulick R, Wilkin TJ, Chen Y, et al. HPTN 069/ACTG 5305: phase II study of maraviroc-based regimens for HIV PrEP in MSM. Abstract presented at Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI). 2016 Feb 22-25. Abstract number 103.
   Google Scholar
• Moss JA, Srinivasan P, Smith TJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety study of pod-intravaginal rings delivering antiretroviral combinations for HIV prophylaxis in a macaque model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(9):5125–5135. DOI:10.1128/AAC.02871-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepulveda-Crespo D, Sanchez-Rodriguez J, Serramia MJ, et al. Triple combination of carbosilane dendrimers, tenofovir and maraviroc as potential microbicide to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission. Nanomed. 2015;10(6):899–914. DOI:10.2217/nnm.14.79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera C, Armanasco N, Garcia-Perez J, et al. Maraviroc and reverse transcriptase inhibitors combinations as potential preexposure prophylaxis candidates. AIDS Lond Engl. 2016;30(7):1015–1025. DOI:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezzutti CS, Yandura S, Wang L, et al. Pharmacodynamic activity of dapivirine and maraviroc single entity and combination topical gels for HIV-1 prevention. Pharm Res. 2015;32(11):3768–3781. DOI:10.1007/s11095-015-1738-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen BA, Panther L, Marzinke MA, et al. Phase 1 safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of dapivirine and maraviroc vaginal rings: a double-blind randomized trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;70(3):242–249. DOI:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeten JM, Palanee-Phillips T, Brown ER, et al. Use of a vaginal ring containing dapivirine for HIV-1 prevention in women. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(22):2121–2132. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1506110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nel A, van Niekerk N, Kapiga S, et al. Safety and efficacy of a dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention in women. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(22):2133–2143. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1602046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConville C, Major I, Devlin B, et al. Development of multi-layered vaginal tablet containing dapivirine, levonorgestrel and acyclovir for use as a multipurpose prevention technology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2016;104:171–179. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd P, Fetherston S, McCoy C, et al. Matrix and reservoir-type multipurpose vaginal rings for controlled release of dapivirine and levonorgestrel. Int J Pharm. 2016;511(1):619–629. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Partnership for Microbicides, Inc. PK and safety study of vaginal rings containing dapivirine and levonorgestrel (DAP)/LNG. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02855346. Accessed on Mar 5, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Kovarova M, Council OD, Date AA, et al. Nanoformulations of rilpivirine for topical pericoital and systemic coitus-independent administration efficiently prevent HIV transmission. Plos Pathog. 2015;11(8):e1005075. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson AGA, Else LJ, Mesquita PMM, et al. A compartmental pharmacokinetic evaluation of long-acting rilpivirine in HIV-negative volunteers for pre-exposure prophylaxis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;96(3):314–323. DOI:10.1038/clpt.2014.118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan I, Dezzutti CS, Siegel A, et al. Long-acting rilpivirine as potential pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention (the MWRI-01 study): an open-label, phase 1, compartmental, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(12):e569–e578. DOI:10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30113-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATH. Phase II safety and acceptability of an investigational injectable product, TMC278LA, for pre-exposure prophylaxis (TMC278LA). In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine; 2016. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02165202?term=HPTN076&rank=1
   Google Scholar
• Williams P, Crauwels H, Basstanie E. Formulation and pharmacology of long-acting rilpivirine. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10(4):233–238. DOI:10.1097/COH.0000000000000164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovarova M, Swanson MD, Sanchez RI, et al. A long-acting formulation of the integrase inhibitor raltegravir protects humanized BLT mice from repeated high-dose vaginal HIV challenges. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(6):1586–1596. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkw042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezzutti C, Shetler C, Mahalingam A, et al. Safety and efficacy of tenofovir/IQP-0528 combination gels – a dual compartment microbicide for HIV-1 prevention. Antivir Res. 2012;96(2):221–225. DOI:10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira L, Mesquita P, Ham A, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation following vaginal application of IQB3002, a dual-chamber microbicide gel containing the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor IQP-0528 in rhesus macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(3):1393–1400. DOI:10.1128/AAC.02201-15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan P, Zhang J, Martin A, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of quick-dissolving polymeric vaginal films delivering the antiretroviral IQP-0528 for preexposure prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(7):4140–4150. DOI:10.1128/AAC.00082-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amico K, Marcus J, McMahan V, et al. Study product adherence measurement in the iPrEx placebo-controlled trial: concordance with drug detection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66(5):530–537. DOI:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Damme L, Corneli A, Ahmed K, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(5):411–422. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1202614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drabo E, Hay J, Vardavas R, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV among Los Angeles county men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(11):1495–1504. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciw578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai K, Sansom S, Ackers M, et al. Modeling the impact of HIV chemoprophylaxis strategies among men who have sex with men in the United States: HIV infections prevented and cost-effectiveness. Aids. 2008;22(14):1829–1839. DOI:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830e00f5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard C, Brandeau M, Humphreys K, et al. Cost-effectiveness of HIV preexposure prophylaxis for people who inject drugs in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2016. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI:10.7326/M15-2634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell B, Cremin I, Pickles M, et al. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis to reduce HIV-1 and HSV-2 incidence in HIV-serodiscordant couples in South Africa. Plos One. 2015;10(1):e0115511. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0115511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell K, Lépine A, Terris-Prestholt F, et al. Modelling the impact and cost-effectiveness of combination prevention amongst HIV serodiscordant couples in Nigeria. Aids. 2015;29(15):2035–2044. DOI:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying R, Sharma M, Heffron R, et al. Cost-effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis targeted to high-risk serodiscordant couples as a bridge to sustained ART use in Kampala, Uganda. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18(4 Suppl 3):20013. DOI:10.7448/IAS.18.4.20013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambiano V, Miners A, Phillips A. What do we know about the cost-effectiveness of HIV preexposure prophylaxis, and is it affordable? Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2016;11(1):56–66. DOI:10.1097/COH.0000000000000217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen A, Dowdy D. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men: risk calculators for real-world decision-making. Plos One. 2014;9(10):e108742. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0108742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross E, Cinti S, Hutton D. Implementation and operational research: a cost effective, clinically actionable strategy for targeting HIV preexposure prophylaxis to high-risk men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72(3):e61–7. DOI:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakower D, Mayer K. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection: current status, future opportunities and challenges. Drugs. 2015;75(3):243–251. DOI:10.1007/s40265-015-0355-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Highleyman L. PrEP use exceeds 79,000 in US pharmacy survey, but some groups lagging behind. July 2016. http://www.aidsmap.com/PrEP-use-exceeds-79000-in-US-pharmacy-survey-but-some-groups-lagging-behind/page/3072084/. Accessed Dec 21, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Garner W, Wilson B, Hirsch A, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: the use and effectiveness of PrEP in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Oct 2016. https://idsa.confex.com/idsa/2016/webprogram/Paper60122.html.
   Google Scholar