280
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Prevalence of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis in the Middle East Region

, &
Pages 709-721 | Received 07 May 2018, Accepted 30 Aug 2018, Published online: 13 Sep 2018

References

  • Hingley-Wilson SM, Sambandamurthy VK, Jacobs JWR. Survival perspectives from the world’s most successful pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Immunol. 2003;4:949–955.
  • Daniel TM. The history of tuberculosis. Resp Med. 2006;100:1862–1870.
  • Ahmad S. Pathogenesis, immunology and diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011;2011:814943.
  • Guirado E, Mbawuike U, Keiser TL, et al. Characterization of host and microbial determinants in individuals with latent tuberculosis infection using a human granuloma model. mBio. 2015;6:e02537–2614.
  • Getahun H, Matteelli A, Chaisson RE, et al. Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2127–2135.
  • Houben RM, Dodd PJ. The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: a re-estimation using mathematical modelling. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1002152.
  • Lee PH, Fu H, Lee MR, et al. Tuberculosis and diabetes in low and moderate tuberculosis incidence countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22:7–16.
  • Pareek M, Greenaway C, Noori T, et al. The impact of migration on tuberculosis epidemiology and control in high-income countries: a review. BMC Med. 2016;14:48.
  • Yates TA, Khan PY, Knight GM, et al. The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in high burden settings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:227–238.
  • World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2017. WHO/HTM/TB/2017.23. WHO; Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.
  • Blumberg HM, Burman WJ, Chaisson RE, et al. Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2003;167:603–662.
  • Ahmad S, Mokaddas E. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Resp Med. 2009;103:1777–1790.
  • World Health Organization. WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Switzerland, 2016 update. WHO/HTM/TB 2016.04. WHO; Geneva,; 2016.
  • World Health Organization. Drug-resistant TB, surveillance and response: supplement to global tuberculosis report 2014. WHO/HQ/TB/2014.12, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2014.
  • Ahmad S, Mokaddas E. Current status and future trends in the diagnosis and treatment of drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Infect Pub Health. 2014;7:75–91.
  • Dheda K, Gumbo T, Maartens G, et al. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, and management of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and incurable tuberculosis. Lancet Resp Med. 2017;5:291–360.
  • Shah NS, Richardson J, Moodley P, et al. Increasing drug resistance in extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:510–513.
  • Dheda K, Gumbo T, Gandhi NR, et al. Global control of tuberculosis: from extensively drug-resistant to untreatable tuberculosis. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2:321–338.
  • Cegielski P, Nunn P, Kurbatova EV, et al. Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:e2.
  • Malik SK, Khalfan S. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Bahrain. Tubercle. 1990;71:51–54.
  • Al-Marri MR. Pattern of mycobacterial resistance to four anti-tuberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the state of Qatar after the implementation of DOTS and a limited expatriate screening programme. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5:1116–1121.
  • Ahmad S, Fares E, Araj GF, et al. Prevalence of S315T mutation within the katG gene in isoniazid-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Dubai and Beirut. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6:920–926.
  • Abal AT, Ahmad S, Mokaddas E. Variations in the occurrence of the S315T mutation within the katG gene in isoniazid-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kuwait. Microb Drug Resist. 2002;8:99–105.
  • Ahmad S, Mokaddas E, Fares E. Characterization of rpoB mutations in rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kuwait and Dubai. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;44:245–252.
  • Al-Zarouni M, Dash N, Al Ali M, et al. MDR-TB in the northern emirates of United Arab Emirates: a 5-year study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010;41:163–168.
  • Yezli S, Memish ZA. Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: prevalence and antimicrobial resistance. J Chemother. 2012;24:1–5.
  • Ahmad S, Al-Mutairi NM, Mokaddas E. Variations in the occurrence of specific rpoB mutations in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from patients of different ethnic groups in Kuwait. Indian J Med Res. 2012;135:756–762.
  • Al-Tawfiq JA, Hinedi K, Memish ZA. Systematic review of the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance in Saudi Arabia. J Chemother. 2015;27:378–382.
  • Yorke E, Atiase Y, Akpalu J, et al. The bidirectional relationship between tuberculosis and diabetes. Tuberc Res Treat. 2017;2017:1702578.
  • Alkabab YM, Al-Abdely HM, Heysell SK. Diabetes-related tuberculosis in the Middle East: an urgent need for regional research. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;40:64–70.
  • Behbehani N, Abal A, Al-Shami A, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kuwait from 1965 to 1999. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6:465–469.
  • Mokaddas E, Ahmad S, Samir I. Secular trends in susceptibility patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Kuwait, 1996-2005. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12:319–325.
  • Mokaddas E, Ahmad S, Abal AT, et al. Molecular fingerprinting reveals familial transmission of rifampin-resistant tuberculosis in Kuwait. Ann Saudi Med. 2005;25:150–153.
  • Ahmad S, Mokaddas E. The occurrence of rare rpoB mutations in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kuwait. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;26:205–212.
  • Al-Mutairi NM, Ahmad S, Mokaddas E. Performance comparison of four methods for detecting multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15:110–115.
  • Al-Mutairi NM, Ahmad S, Mokaddas E First report of molecular detection of fluoroquinolone resistance-associated gyrA mutations in multidrug-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Kuwait. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4: 123.
  • Al-Maniri A, Singh JP, Al-Rawas O, et al. A snapshot of the biodiversity and clustering of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Oman using spoligotyping. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14:994–1000.
  • Al-Hajoj S, Varghese B, Shoukri MM, et al. Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance in Saudi Arabia: findings of the first national survey. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:2161–2166.
  • Al-Zarouni M, Dash N, Al Ali M, et al. Tuberculosis and MDR-TB in the northern emirates of United Arab Emirates: a 5-year study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010;41:163–168.
  • Voniatis C, Migliori GB, Voniatis M, et al. Tuberculosis elimination: dream or reality? The case of Cyprus. Eur Respir J. 2014;44:543–546.
  • Abbadi SH, Sameaa GA, Morlock G, et al. Molecular identification of mutations associated with anti-tuberculosis drug resistance among strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:673–678.
  • El-Sharif A, Afifi S, El-Dahshan R, et al. Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from cancer patients with suspected tuberculosis infection in Egypt: identification, prevalence, risk factors and resistance pattern. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:E438–E445.
  • Gadallah MA, Mokhtar A, Rady M, et al. Prognostic factors of treatment among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Egypt. J Formos Med Assoc. 2016;115:997–1003.
  • Velayati AA, Masjedi MR, Farnia P, et al. Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug resistant strains in Iran. Chest. 2009;136:420–425.
  • Velayati AA, Farnia P, Masjedi MR. The totally drug resistant tuberculosis (TDR-TB). Int J Clin Exp Med. 2013;6:307–309.
  • Farazi A, Sofian M, Zarrinfar N, et al. Drug resistance pattern and associated risk factors of tuberculosis patients in the central province of Iran. Caspian J Intern Med. 2013;4:785–789.
  • Haeili M, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Fooladi AA, et al. Spoligotyping and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from five provinces of Iran. Microbiology Open. 2013;2:988–996.
  • Mohajeri P, Norozi B, Atashi S, et al. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in west of Iran. J Glob Infect Dis. 2014;6:114–117.
  • Nasiri MJ, Rezaei F, Zamani S, et al. Drug resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients of five provinces of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7:193–196.
  • Farnia P, Masjedi MR, Varahram M, et al. The recent-transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains among Iranian and Afghan relapse cases: a DNA-fingerprinting using RFLP and spoligotyping. BMC Infect Dis. 2008;8:109.
  • Nema M, Al-Kadimy HM. Pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in previously treated cases in Iraq. Iraqi J Med Sci. 2009;7:41–49.
  • Merza MA, Farnia P, Masjedi MR, et al. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Dohuk, Iraq. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14:1213–1214.
  • Mor Z, Pinsker G, Cedar N, et al. Adult tuberculosis in Israel and migration: trends and challenges between 1999 and 2010. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16:1613–1618.
  • Mor Z, Goldblatt D, Kaidar-Shwartz H, et al. Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Israel: risk factors and treatment outcomes. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18:1195–1201.
  • Nimri L, Samara H, Batchoun R. Detection of mutations associated with multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2011;62:321–327.
  • Seita A. Complex emergencies in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: impact on tuberculosis control. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2016;5(Suppl 1):S12.
  • Araj GF, Saade M, Itani LY. Nationwide study of drug resistance among acid-fast bacilli positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Lebanon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:63–67.
  • Araj GF, Saade A, Itani LY, et al. Tuberculosis burden in Lebanon: evolution and current status. J Med Liban. 2016;64:1–7.
  • Rahmo A, Hamze M. Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Syrian patients by double-repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16:820–830.
  • Muhjazi G, Baghdadi S, Dye C, et al. Sustaining a national tuberculosis control programme during civil crisis: 6 years of experience in Syria. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6:255–256.
  • Tatar D, Senol G, Cosar D, et al. Patterns of drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis cases in the Izmir district, Turkey. New Microbiol. 2009;32:31–37.
  • Karagoz T, Pazarli P, Mocin OY, et al. Evaluation of drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Sureyyapasa Chest Diseases Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12:631–635.
  • Agarwal M, Gunal S, Durmaz R, et al. Integration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing and genotyping with epidemiological data analysis to gain insight into the epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Malatya, Turkey. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:3301–3305.
  • Kayhan S, Akgüneş A, Tereci H, et al. Primary resistance rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains isolated from new tuberculosis cases: a 6-year observation. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2011;5:2304–2310.
  • Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1005–1015.
  • Steingart KR, Schiller I, Horne DJ, et al. Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(1):CD009593.
  • Denkinger CM, Schumacher SG, Boehme CC, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2014;44:435–446.
  • Doganay M, Demiraslan H. Refugees of the Syrian Civil War: impact of reemerging infections, health services and biosecurity in Turkey. Health Secur. 2016;14:220–225.
  • Al-Akhali A, Ohkado A, Fujiki A, et al. Nationwide survey on the prevalence of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the Republic of Yemen, 2004. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007;11:1328–1333.
  • World Health Organization 67th World Health Assembly. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis elimination, care and control after. A67/11. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014.; 2015.
  • Lönnroth K, Migliori GB, Abubakar I, et al. Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:928–952.
  • Hopewell PC, Fair EL, Uplekar M. Updating the international standards for tuberculosis care. Entering the Era of Molecular Diagnostics. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11:277–285.
  • Matteelli A, Centis R, D’Ambrosio L, et al. WHO strategies for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Expert Rev Resp Med. 2016;10:991–1002.
  • Getahun H, Matteelli A, Abubakar I, et al. Management of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: WHO guidelines for low tuberculosis burden countries. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:1563–1576.
  • D’Ambrosio L, Dara M, Tadolini M, et al. Tuberculosis elimination: theory and practice in Europe. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:1410–1420.
  • World Health Organization. Draft global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015. Report by the Secretariat. A67/11. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014. [cited 2018 April 25]. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA67/A67_11-en.pdf.
  • Gleason JA, McNabb SJ, Abduljadayel N, et al. Tuberculosis trends in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2005-2009. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22:264–269.
  • Banfield S, Pascoe E, Thambiran A, et al. Factors associated with the performance of a blood-based interferon-gamma release assay in diagnosing tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2012;7:e38556.
  • Matteelli A, Sulis G, Capone S, et al. Tuberculosis elimination and the challenge of latent tuberculosis. Presse Med. 2017;46:e13–e21.
  • Rendon A, Centis R, Zellweger JP, et al. Migration, TB control and elimination: whom to screen and treat. Pulmonology. 2018;24:99–105.
  • Ahmad S. New approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Resp Res. 2010;11:169.
  • Sterling TR, Villarino ME, Borisov AS, et al. Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2155–2166.
  • Furukawa NW, Haider MZ, Allen SJ, et al. Resistance to first-line antituberculosis drugs in Washington State by region of birth and implications for latent tuberculosis treatment among foreign-born individuals. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;96:543–549.
  • World Health Organization. Guidelines on the management of latent tuberculosis infection WHO/HTM/TB/2015.01. Geneva. World Health Organization; 2015.
  • Colson PW, Hirsch-Moverman Y, Bethel J, et al. Acceptance of treatment for latent tuberculosis infection: prospective cohort study in the United States and Canada. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:473–479.
  • Kan B, Kalin M, Bruchfeld J. Completing treatment for latent tuberculosis: patient background matters. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17:597–602.
  • International Diabetes Federation.IDF diabetes atlas, 6th ed., Brussels, Belgium: international Diabetes Federation: 2013. Available at: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas ( accessed on 2018 Apr 30
  • World Health Organization. Collaborative framework for care and control of tuberculosis and diabetes WHO/HTM/TB/2011.15. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 accessed on 2018 Apr 30. Available at http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/tb_diabetes2011/en/index.html
  • Martinez N, Kornfeld H. Diabetes and immunity to tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol. 2014;44:617–626.
  • Martinez N, Ketheesan N, West K, et al. Impaired recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by alveolar macrophages from diabetic mice. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:1629–1637.
  • Lee MR, Huang YP, Kuo YT, et al. Diabetes mellitus and latent tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:719–727.
  • Babalik A, Ulus IH, Bakirci N, et al. Plasma concentrations of isoniazid and rifampin are decreased in adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:5740–5742.
  • Heysell SK, Moore JL, Keller SJ, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring for slow response to tuberculosis treatment in a state control program, Virginia, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:1546–1553.
  • Dooley KE, Tang T, Golub JE, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on treatment outcomes of patients with active tuberculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80:634–639.
  • Walker TM, Kohl TA, Omar SV, et al. Whole-genome sequencing for prediction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility and resistance: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:1193–1202.
  • Arnold A, Witney AA, Vergnano S, et al. XDR-TB transmission in London: case management and contact tracing investigation assisted by early whole genome sequencing. J Infect. 2016;73:210–218.
  • Votintseva AA, Bradley P, Pankhurst L, et al. Same-day diagnostic and surveillance data for tuberculosis via whole-genome sequencing of direct respiratory samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55:1285–1298.
  • Satta G, Lipman M, Smith GP, et al.Mycobacterium tuberculosis and whole-genome sequencing: how close are we to unleashing its full potential?. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Nov 3. pii:, S1198-743X, (17). 30623–30627. 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.10.030.
  • Cabibbe AM, Trovato A, De Filippo MR, et al. Countrywide implementation of whole genome sequencing: an opportunity to improve tuberculosis management, surveillance and contact tracing in low incidence countries. Eur Respir J. 2018;51:1800387, : pii:
  • Walker TM, Merker M, Knoblauch AM, et al. A cluster of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among patients arriving in Europe from the Horn of Africa: a molecular epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:431–440.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.