The prescription of antimicrobials by general practitioners: the differences between north and south Italian provinces

References

• Marston HD, Dixon DM, Knisely JM, et al. Antimicrobial resistance. JAMA. 2016;316(11):1193–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasovský D, Littmann J, Zorzet A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance—a threat to the world’s sustainable development. Ups J Med Sci. 2016;121(3):159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017:6. Article number: 47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thabit AK, Crandon JL, Nicolau DP. Antimicrobial resistance: impact on clinical and economic outcomes and the need for new antimicrobials. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015 Feb;16(2):159–177. Epub 2014 Dec 13..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole J. Antimicrobial resistance, infection control and planning for pandemics: the importance of knowledge transfer in healthcare resilience and emergency planning. J Bus Contin Emer Plan. 2012 Autumn-2013 Winter;6(2):122–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance - global report on surveillance; 2014 [cited 2019 Sept 4] Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112642/9789241564748_eng.pdf;jsessionid=98232941AAEC2208C9660AD20A968074?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Leekha S, Terrell CL, Edson RS. General principles of antimicrobial therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011 Feb;86(2):156–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivak ES, Cosgrove SE, Srinivasan A. Measuring appropriate antimicrobial use: attempts at opening the black box. Clinl Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 15;63:1639–1644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafii F, Sutherland JB, Cerniglia CE. Effects of treatment with antimicrobial agents on the human colonic microflora. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Dec;4(6):1343–1358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sipahi OR. Economics of antibiotic resistance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2008 Aug; 6(4):523–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan DJ, Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, et al. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(9):692–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piovani D, Clavenna A, Cartabia M, et al.; Antibiotic Collaborative Group. The regional profile of antibiotic prescriptions in Italian outpatient children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(6):997–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clavenna A, Sequi M, Bortolotti A, et al. Determinants of the drug utilization profile in the paediatric population in Italy’s Lombardy region. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;67(5):565–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piovani D, Clavenna A, Bonati M; Interregional Italian Drug Utilisation Group. Drug use profile in outpatient children and adolescents in different Italian regions. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo V, Marina Monetti V, Guerriero F, et al. Prevalence of antibiotic prescription in southern Italian outpatients: real-world data analysis of socioeconomic and sociodemographic variables at a municipality level. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2018;10:251–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. ATC/DDD index; [cited 2019 Sept 4] Available from: https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/
   Google Scholar
• Coenen S, Ferech M, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, et al. European surveillance of antimicrobial consumption (ESAC): quality indicators for outpatient antibiotic use in Europe. Qual Saf Health Care. 2007 Dec;16(6):440–445.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial consumption database (ESAC-Net); 2015 [cited 2019 Sept 4]. Available from: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/antimicrobial-consumption/surveillance-and-disease-data/database
   Google Scholar
• National observatory on the use of drugs in Italy (OsMed). Report on the use of drugs in Italy; 2015 [cited 2019 Sept 4]. Available from: http://www.fnopi.it/archivio_news/attualita/1830/Rapporto_OsMed_2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, et al. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015 May;13(5):269–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta K, Hooton TN, Nab KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of America and the European society for microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin Pract Guidelines. 2011:52.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Velden A, Duerden M, Bell J. Prescriber and patient responsibilities in treatment of acute respiratory tract infections — essential for conservation of antibiotics. Antibiotics. 2013;2:316–327.
   Google Scholar
• Aaron M. Harris e coll. Appropriate antimicrobial use for acute respiratory tract infection in adults: advice for high-value care from the American college of physicians and the centers for disease control and prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Mar 15;164(6):425-34. DOI:10.7326/M15-140
   Google Scholar
• Janoir C, Zeller V, Kitzis MD, et al. High-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae requires mutations in parC and gyrA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Dec;40(12):2760–2764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnishi M, Golparian D, Shimuta K, et al. Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae initiating a future era of untreatable gonorrhea?: detailed characterization of the first strain with high-level resistance to ceftriaxone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jun;55(7):3538–3545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eady E. A: bacterial resistance in acne. Dermatology. 1998;196:59–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cars O, Molstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet. 2001;357:1851–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. Council conclusions on the impact of antimicrobial resistance in the human health sector and in the veterinary sector – a “One Health” perspective; 2017 [cited 2019 Sept 5]. Available from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/lsa/131126.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vaccheri A, Castelvetri C, Esaka E, et al. Pattern of antibiotic use in primary health care in Italy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;56:417–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar