Preventing catheter-related infections in cancer patients: a review of current strategies

References

• Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 1;49(1):1–45. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crnich CJ, Maki DG. The role of intravascular devices in sepsis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2001 Dec;3(6):496–506.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimlichman E, Henderson D, Tamir O, et al. Health care-associated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system. JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Dec 9;173(22):2039–2046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National and state associated infections progress report. Centers Dis Control Prev; 2016 [cited 2019 Dec]. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/data/portal/progressreport
   Google Scholar
• Horner MJ, Ries LAG, Krapcho M et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2006. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. based on November 2008 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site; 2009. https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2006/
   Google Scholar
• Raad I, Chaftari A-M. Advances in prevention and management of central line-associated bloodstream infections in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 15;59(Suppl 5):S340–S343.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards JR, Peterson KD, Mu Y, et al. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report: data summary for 2006 through 2008, issued December 2009. Am J Infect Control. 2009 Dec;37(10):783–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: central line-associated blood stream infections–United States, 2001, 2008, and 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Mar 4;60(8):243–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An Intervention to Decrease Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 28;355(26):2725–2732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umscheid CA, Mitchell MD, Doshi JA, et al. Estimating the proportion of healthcare-associated infections that are reasonably preventable and the related mortality and costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011 Feb;32(2):101–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soufir L, Timsit J-F, Mahe C, et al. Attributable morbidity and mortality of catheter-related septicemia in critically ill patients: a matched, risk-adjusted, cohort study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999 Jun;20(6):396–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O ’Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Summary of recommendations: guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;5252(9):1087–1099.
   Google Scholar
• Wylie MC, Graham DA, Potter-Bynoe G, et al. Risk factors for central line–associated bloodstream infection in pediatric intensive care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010 Oct;31(10):1049–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollee P, Jones M, Stackelroth J, et al. Catheter-associated bloodstream infection incidence and risk factors in adults with cancer: a prospective cohort study. J Hosp Infect. 2011 May;78(1):26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald MK, Culos KA, Gatwood KS, et al. Defining incidence and risk factors for catheter-associated bloodstream infections in an outpatient adult hematopoietic cell transplantation program. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018 Oct;24(10):2081–2087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zingg W, Cartier-Fässler V, Walder B. Central venous catheter-associated infections. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2008 Sep;22(3):407–421.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kritchevsky SB, Braun BI, Kusek L, et al. The impact of hospital practice on central venous catheter associated bloodstream infection rates at the patient and unit level: a multicenter study. Am J Med Qual. 2008 Jan;23(1):24–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudeck MA, Horan TC, Peterson KD, et al. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report, data summary for 2009, device-associated module. Am J Infect Control. 2011 Jun;39(5):349–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Apr;15(2):167–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad II, Luna M, Khalil SA, et al. The relationship between the thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters. JAMA. 1994 Apr 6;271(13):1014–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad I, Costerton W, Sabharwal U, et al. Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement. J Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;168(2):400–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macias AE, Huertas M, Ponce de Leon S, et al. Contamination of intravenous fluids: A continuing cause of hospital bacteremia. Am J Infect Control. 2010 Apr;38(3):217–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki DG, Rhame FS, Mackel DC, et al. Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products. I. Epidemiologic and clinical features. Am J Med. 1976 Apr;60(4):471–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenney JH, Dixon RE, Bennett JV. Letter: contaminated intravenous infusions. Lancet. 1974 Apr;1(7859):679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki DG, Stolz SM, Wheeler S, et al. Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Aug 15;127(4):257–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safdar N, Maki DG. Risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection with peripherally inserted central venous catheters used in hospitalized patients. Chest. 2005 Aug;128(2):489–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loveday HP, Wilson JA, Pratt RJ, et al. Epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in england. J Hosp Infect. 2014 Jan;86(Suppl 1):S1–S70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raad II, Hohn DC, Gilbreath BJ, et al. Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1994 Apr;15(4 Pt 1):231–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Styslinger E, Nguyen H, Hess O, et al. Central line–associated bloodstream infections and completion of the central line insertion checklist: A descriptive analysis comparing a dedicated procedure team to other providers. Am J Infect Control. 2019 Nov;47(11):1400–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiyakunapruk N, Veenstra DL, Lipsky BA, et al. Vascular catheter site care: the clinical and economic benefits of chlorhexidine gluconate compared with povidone iodine. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Sep 15;37(6):764–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong IS, Park SM, Lee JM, et al. Effect of central line bundle on central line-associated bloodstream infections in intensive care units. Am J Infect Control. 2013 Aug;41(8):710–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimoz O, JC L, Kerforne T, et al. Skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone iodine-alcohol, with and without skin scrubbing, for prevention of intravascular-catheter-related infection (CLEAN): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, two-by-two factorial trial. Lancet. 2015 Nov 21;386:2069–2077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frasca D, Dahyot-Fizelier C, Mimoz O. Prevention of central venous catheter-related infection in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2010;14(2):212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid S, Geffers C, Wagenpfeil G, et al. Preventive bundles to reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care. GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2018 Nov 16;13:Doc10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvaniti K, Lathyris D, Blot S, et al. Cumulative evidence of randomized controlled and observational studies on catheter-related infection risk of central venous catheter insertion site in ICU patients: a pairwise and network meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2017 Apr;45(4):e437–e448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parienti JJ, Mongardon N, Mégarbane B, et al. Intravascular complications of central venous catheterization by insertion site. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 24;373(13):1220–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brass P, Hellmich M, Kolodziej L, et al. Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan;9(1):CD006962.
   Google Scholar
• Martillo M, Zarbiv S, Gupta R, et al. A comprehensive vascular access service can reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infections and promote the appropriate use of vascular access devices. Am J Infect Control. 2019;000:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Gohil SK, Yim J, AQuan K, et al. Impact of a standardized central line insertion site assessment score on localized inflammation and infection. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016 Dec:3;417.
   Google Scholar
• Gohil SK, Yim J, Quan K, et al. Impact of a Central-Line Insertion Site Assessment (CLISA) score on localized insertion site infection to prevent central-line – associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019;41:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Btaiche IF, Kovacevich DS, Khalidi N, et al. The effects of needleless connectors on catheter-related bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control. 2011 May;39(4):277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devrim İ, Oruç Y, Demirağ B, et al. Central line bundle for prevention of central line–associated bloodstream infection for totally implantable venous access devices (ports) in pediatric cancer patients. J Vasc Access. 2018 Jul;19(4):358–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaminathan L, Flanders S, Rogers M, et al. Improving PICC use and outcomes in hospitalised patients: an interrupted time series study using MAGIC criteria. BMJ Qual Saf. 2018 Apr;27(4):271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong Z, Chen H. Interventions to reduce unnecessary central venous catheter use to prevent central-line-associated bloodstream infections in adults: A systematic review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018 Dec;39(12):1442–1448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timsit JF, Mimoz O, Mourvillier B, et al. Randomized controlled trial of chlorhexidine dressing and highly adhesive dressing for preventing catheter-related infections in critically ill adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Dec 15;186(12):1272–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timsit JF, Schwebel C, Bouadma L, et al. Chlorhexidine-Impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically III adults: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2009 Mar 25;301(12):1231–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwebel C, Lucet JC, Vesin A, et al. Economic evaluation of chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges for preventing catheter-related infections in critically ill adults in the Dressing Study. Crit Care Med. 2012 Jan;40(1):11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerin K, Wagner J, Rains K, et al. Reduction in central line-associated bloodstream infections by implementation of a postinsertion care bundle. Am J Infect Control. 2010 Aug;38(6):430–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeler C, Kerley D, Davis C, et al. Strategies for the successful implementation of disinfecting port protectors to reduce CLABSI in a large tertiary care teaching hospital. Am J Infect Control. 2019 Dec;47(12):1505–1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferroni A, Gaudin F, Guiffant G, et al. Pulsative flushing as a strategy to prevent bacterial colonization of vascular access devices. Med Devices Evidence Res. 2014 Nov;7(7):379–383.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp G, Hallbourg M, Altounji D, et al. Back to basics: CLABSI reduction through implementation of an oral care and hygiene bundle. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2019 Sep/Oct;36(5):321–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallotto C, Fiorio M, De Angelis V, et al. Daily bathing with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate in intensive care settings: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019 Jun;25(6):705–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost SA, Alogso MC, Metcalfe L, et al. Chlorhexidine bathing and health care-associated infections among adult intensive care patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2016 Nov 23;20(1):379.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim HY, Lee WK, Na S, et al. The effects of chlorhexidine gluconate bathing on health care-associated infection in intensive care units: A meta-analysis. J Crit Care. 2016 Apr;32:126–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra V, Anand S, Krein SL, et al. Bloodstream infection, venous thrombosis, and peripherally inserted central catheters: reappraising the evidence. Am J Med. 2012 Aug;125(8):733–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Climo M, Diekema D, Warren DK, et al. Prevalence of the use of central venous access devices within and outside of the intensive care unit: results of a survey among hospitals in the prevention epicenter program of the centers for disease control and prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003 Dec;24(12):942–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herc E, Patel P, Washer LL, et al. A model to predict central-line–associated bloodstream infection among patients with peripherally inserted central catheters: the MPC score. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017 Oct 15;38(10):1155–1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer RD, Rogers MAM, Conte M, et al. Are antimicrobial peripherally inserted central catheters associated with reduction in central line–associated bloodstream infection? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Infect Control. 2017 Feb 1;45(2):108–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousif A, Chaftari A-M, Michael M, et al. The influence of using antibiotic-coated peripherally inserted central catheters on decreasing the risk of central line-associated bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control. 2016 Sep 1;44(9):1037–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad I, Darouiche R, Dupuis J, et al. Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin for the prevention of catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections: A randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Aug 15;127(4):267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzinikolaou I, Hanna H, Graviss L, et al. Clinical experience with minocycline and rifampin-impregnated central venous catheters in bone marrow transplantation recipients: efficacy and low risk of developing staphylococcal resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003 Dec 2;24(12):961–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darouiche RO, Berger DH, Khardori N, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial impregnation with tunneling of long-term central venous catheters: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2005 Aug;242(2):193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos ER, Reitzel R, Jiang Y, et al. Clinical effectiveness and risk of emerging resistance associated with prolonged use of antibiotic-impregnated catheters: more than 0.5 million catheter days and 7 years of clinical experience. Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb;39(2):245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timsit J-F, Dubois Y, Minet C, et al. New materials and devices for preventing catheter-related infections. Ann Intensive Care. 2011 Aug 18;1(1):34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harron K, Mok Q, Hughes D, et al. Generalisability and cost-impact of antibiotic-impregnated central venous catheters for reducing risk of bloodstream infection in paediatric intensive care units in England. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 21;11(3):e0151348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad I, Reitzel R, Jiang Y, et al. Anti-adherence activity and antimicrobial durability of anti-infective-coated catheters against multidrug-resistant bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Oct 27;62(4):746–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logghe C, Van Ossel C, D’Hoore W, et al. Evaluation of chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine impregnated central venous catheters for the prevention of bloodstream infection in leukaemic patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Hosp Infect. 1997 Oct;37(2):145–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai NM, Chaiyakunapruk N, Lai NA, et al. Catheter impregnation, coating or bonding for reducing central venous catheter-related infections in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar;16(3):CD007878.
   Google Scholar
• Chong HY, Lai NM, Apisarnthanarak A, et al. Comparative efficacy of antimicrobial central venous catheters in reducing catheter-related bloodstream infections in adults: abridged cochrane systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 May 15;64(suppl_2):S131–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilbert RE, Mok Q, Dwan K, et al. Impregnated central venous catheters for prevention of bloodstream infection in children (the CATCH trial): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 Apr 23;387(10029):1732–1742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorente L, Lecuona M, Jiménez A, et al. Chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine-impregnated venous catheters save costs. Am J Infect Control. 2014 Mar;42(3):321–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf J, Shenep JL, Clifford V, et al. Ethanol lock therapy in pediatric hematology and oncology. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013 Jan;60(1):18–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers ST, Peddie B, Pithie A. Ethanol disinfection of plastic-adherent micro-organisms. J Hosp Infect. 2006 Jun;63(2):193–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan M, Lau J, Guglielmo BJ. Ethanol locks in the prevention and treatment of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Ann Pharmacother. 2014 May;48(5):607–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes BC, Borges PSGN, Gallindo RM, et al. Ethanol lock therapy for the prevention of nontunneled catheter-related bloodstream infection in pediatric patients. J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2019 Nov;43(8):1044–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Wang B, Wang J, et al. Ethanol locks for the prevention of catheter-related infection in patients with central venous catheter: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2019;14(9):e0222408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olthof ED, Versleijen MW, Huisman-De Waal G, et al. Taurolidine lock is superior to heparin lock in the prevention of catheter related bloodstream infections and occlusions. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 7;9(11):e111216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winnicki W, Herkner H, Lorenz M, et al. Taurolidine-based catheter lock regimen significantly reduces overall costs, infection, and dysfunction rates of tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Kidney Int. 2018 Mar;93(3):753–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Łyszkowska M, Kowalewski G, Szymczak M, et al. Effects of prophylactic use of taurolidine-citrate lock on the number of catheter-related infections in children under 2 years of age undergoing surgery. J Hosp Infect. 2019;103:4–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong CY, Ong R, Tan N, et al. Taurolidine-citrate lock solution for the prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2015 Apr;48(2):S76–S77.
   Google Scholar
• Bisseling TM, Willems MC, Versleijen MW, et al. Taurolidine lock is highly effective in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients on home parenteral nutrition: A heparin-controlled prospective trial. Clin Nutr. 2010 Aug;29(4):464–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribler S, Brandt CF, Petersen AH, et al. Taurolidine-citrate-heparin lock reduces catheter-related bloodstream infections in intestinal failure patients dependent on home parenteral support: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Sep;106(3):839–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambe C, Poisson C, Talbotec C, et al. Strategies to reduce catheter-related bloodstream infections in pediatric patients receiving home parenteral nutrition: the efficacy of taurolidine-citrate prophylactic-locking. J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2018 Aug;42(6):1017–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad II, Fang X, Keutgen XM, et al. The role of chelators in preventing biofilm formation and catheter-related bloodstream infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug;21(4):385–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaftari A-M, Viola GM, Rosenblatt J, et al. Advances in the prevention and management of central-line–associated bloodstream infections: the role of chelator-based catheter locks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019 Sep 24;40(9):1036–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleyer AJ, Mason L, Russell G, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of a new vascular catheter flush solution (minocycline-EDTA) in temporary hemodialysis access. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005 Jun 21;26(6):520–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos RP, Do Nascimento MM, Chula DC, et al. Minocycline-EDTA lock solution prevents catheter-related bacteremia in hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Oct;22(10):1939–1945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzinikolaou I, Zipf TF, Hanna H, et al. Minocycline-ethylenediaminetetraacetate lock solution for the prevention of implantable port infections in children with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Jan 1;36(1):116–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt J, Reitzel R, Dvorak T, et al. Glyceryl trinitrate complements citrate and ethanol in a novel antimicrobial catheter lock solution to eradicate biofilm organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Aug;57(8):3555–3560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijnders B, DiSciullo GJ, Csiky B, et al. locking hemodialysis catheters with trimethoprim-ethanol-CA-EDTA to prevent bloodstream infections: a randomized, evaluator-blinded clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Jun 18;69(1):130–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitzel RA, Rosenblatt J, Hirsh-Ginsberg C, et al. In vitro assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of optimized nitroglycerin-citrate-ethanol as a nonantibiotic, antimicrobial catheter lock solution for prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Sep;60(9):5175–5181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaftari A-M, Hachem R, Szvalb A, et al. A novel nonantibiotic nitroglycerin-based catheter lock solution for prevention of intraluminal central venous catheter infections in cancer patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Aug 25;61(8):e01324–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpanen TJ, Casey AL, Whitehouse T, et al. Clinical evaluation of a chlorhexidine intravascular catheter gel dressing on short-term central venous catheters. Am J Infect Control. 2016 Jan 1;44(1):54–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto AJ, Solomon JA, Soulen MC, et al. Sutureless securement device reduces complications of peripherally inserted central venous catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002 Jan;13(1):77–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan RJ, Northfield S, Larsen E, et al. Central venous access device SeCurement and dressing effectiveness for peripherally inserted central catheters in adult acute hospital patients (CASCADE): A pilot randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2017 Oct 4;18(1):458.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van De Wetering MD, Van Woensel JBM. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing early central venous catheter Gram positive infections in oncology patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD003295. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler M, Landsburg D, Pegues D, et al. Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis is highly effective for the prevention of central line–associated bloodstream infections in autologous stem cell transplant patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019 May;25(5):1004–1010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar