Current approaches to cysticidal drug therapy for neurocysticercosis

References

• Del Brutto OH. Neurocysticercosis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2012;18:1392–1416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lescano AG, Garcia HH, Gilman RH, et al. Taenia solium cysticercosis hotspots surrounding tapeworm carriers: clustering on human seroprevalence but not on seizures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3:e371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorvillo F, Wilkins P, Shafir S, et al. Public health implications of cysticercosis acquired in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia HH. Neurocysticercosis in immigrant populations. J Travel Med. 2012;19:73–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, García HH. Neurocysticercosis in nonendemic countries: time for a reappraisal. Neuroepidemiology. 2012;39:145–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevisan C, Sotiraki S, Laranjo-González M, et al. Epidemiology of taeniasis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: eastern Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, García HH, Eds. Cysticercosis of the human nervous system. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia HH, Nash TE, Del Brutto OH. Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:1202–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, Nash TE, White AC Jr., et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. J Neurol Sci. 2017;372:202–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robles C, Chavarría M. Presentación de un caso clínico de cisticercosis cerebral curado médicamente con un nuevo fármaco: praziquantel. Salud Pub Mex. 1979;21:603–618.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Botero D, Castaño S. Treatment of cysticercosis with praziquantel in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1982;31:811–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spina-França A, Nobrega JP, Livramento JA, et al. Administration of praziquantel in neurocysticercosis. Tropenmed Parasitol. 1982;33:1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markwalder K, Hess K, Valavanis A, et al. Cerebral cysticercosis: treatment with praziquantel. Report of two cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:273–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotelo J, Escobedo F, Rodríguez-Carbajal J, et al. Therapy of parenchymal brain cysticercosis with praziquantel. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:1001–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotelo J, Torres B, Rubio-Donnadieu F, et al. Praziquantel in the treatment of neurocysticercosis: long-term follow-up. Neurology. 1985;35:752–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobedo F, Penagos P, Rodríguez-Carbajal J, et al. Albendazole therapy for neurocysticercosis. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:738–741.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sotelo J, Penagos P, Escobedo F, et al. Short course of albendazole therapy for neurocysticercosis. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:1130–1133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alarcón F, Escalante L, Dueñas G, et al. Neurocysticercosis. Short course of treatment with albendazole. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:1231–1236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sotelo J, Del Brutto OH, Penagos P, et al. Comparison of therapeutic regimen of anticysticercal drugs for parenchymal brain cysticercosis. J Neurol. 1990;237:69–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayanagui OM, Jardim E. Therapy for neurocysticercosis. Comparison between albendazole and praziquantel. Arch Neurol. 1992;49:290–294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cruz M, Cruz I, Horton J. Albendazole vs praziquantel in the treatment of cerebral cysticercosis: clinical evaluation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991;85:244–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez V, Sotelo J. The course of seizures after treatment for cerebral cysticercosis. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:696–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, Santibáñez R, Noboa CA, et al. Epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis: analysis of 203 patients. Neurology. 1992;42:389–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina MT, Genton P, Montoya MC, et al. Effect of anticysticercal treatment on the prognosis of epilepsy in neurocysticercosis: a pilot trial. Epilepsia. 1993;34:1024–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia HH, Gilman RH, Horton J, et al. Albendazole therapy for neurocysticercosis: a prospective double-blind trial comparing 7 versus 14 days of treatment. Neurology. 1997;48:1421–1427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, Campos X, Sánchez J, et al. Single-day praziquantel versus 1-week albendazole for neurocysticercosis. Neurology. 1999;52:1079–1081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadia N, Desai S, Bhatt M. Disseminated cysticercosis. New observations, including CT scan findings and experience with treatment by praziquantel. Brain. 1988;111:597–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padma MV, Behari M, Misra NK, et al. Albendazole in neurocysticercosis. Natl Med J India. 1995;8:255–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carpio A, Santillán F, León P, et al. Is the course of neurocysticercosis modified by treatment with antihelmintic agents? Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1982–1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padma MV, Behari M, Misra NK, et al. Albendazole in single CT ring lesions in epilepsy. Neurology. 1994;44:1344–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpio A, Santillán F, León P, et al. New treatment of brain cysticercosis with albendazole. Ann Neurol. 1988;24:144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salinas R, Counsell C, Prasad K, et al. Treating neurocysticercosis medically: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Trop Med Int Health. 1999;4:713–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer LD, Locke G, Byrd SE, et al. Cerebral cysticercosis: documentation of natural history with CT. Radiology. 1989;171:459–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer D. Medical treatment of cysticercosis – ineffective. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:101–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Brutto OH. A personal account regarding the origin and evolution of controversies in the management of neurocysticercosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100:780–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White AC, Coyle CM, Rajshekhar V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis: 2017 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH). Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:1159–1163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nash TE, Singh G, White AC Jr., et al. Treatment of neurocysticercosis. Current status and future research needs. Neurology. 2006;67:1120–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle CM. Neurocysticercosis: an individualized approach. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019;33:153–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash TE, Garcia HH. Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7:584–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH. Clinical management of neurocysticercosis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2014;14:389–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi GY, Yang HW, Cho SH, et al. Acute drug-induced hepatitis caused by albendazole. J Korean Med Sci. 2008;23:903–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opatrny L, Prichard R, Snell L, et al. Death related to albendazole-induced pancytopenia: case report and review. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;72:291–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar A, Aruffo C, Cruz-Sánchez F, et al. Hallazgos neuropatológicos en la neurocisticercosis. Arch Neurobiol (Madrid). 1985;48:151–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chacko G, Rajshekhar V, Chandy MJ, et al. The calcified intracorporeal vacuole: an aid to the pathological diagnosis of solitary cerebral cysticercus granuloma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:525–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash TE, Del Brutto OH, Butman JA, et al. Calcific neurocysticercosis and epileptogenesis. Neurology. 2004;62:1934–1938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooi WW, Wijemanne S, Thomas CB, et al. A calcified Taenia solium granuloma associated with recurrent perilesional edema causing refractory seizures: histopathological features. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:460–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathore C, Radhakrishnan K. What causes seizures in patients with calcified neurocysticercal lesions. Neurology. 2012;78:612–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia HH, Pretell EJ, Gilman RH, et al. A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:249–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia HH, Gonzales I, Lescano AG, et al. Efficacy of combined antiparasitic therapy with praziquantel and albendazole for neurocysticercosis: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:687–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García HH, Lescano AG, Gonzales I, et al. Cysticidal efficacy of combined treatment with praziquantel and albendazole for parenchymal brain cysticercosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:1375–1379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpio A, Kelvin EA, Bagiella E, et al. Effects of albendazole treatment on neurocysticercosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:1050–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, Roos KL, Coffey CS, et al. Meta-analysis: cysticidal drugs for neurocysticercosis: albendazole and praziquantel. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird RA, Wiebe S, Zunt JR, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of parenchymal neurocysticercosis: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2013;80:1424–1429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranwal AK, Singhi PD, Khandelwal N, et al. Albendazole therapy in children with focal seizures and single small enhancing computerized tomographic lesions: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:696–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogia S, Talukdar B, Choudhury V, et al. Neurocysticercosis in children: clinical findings and responses to albendazole therapy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in newly diagnosed cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003;97:416–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra V, Dua T, Kumar V. Efficacy of albendazole and short-course dexamethasone treatment in children with 1 or 2 ring-enhancing lesions of neurocysticercosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2003;143:111–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhi P, Jain V, Khandelwal N. Corticosteroids versus albendazole for treatment of single small enhancing computed tomographic lesions in children with neurocysticercosis. J Child Neurol. 2004;19:323–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thussu A, Chattopadhyay A, Sawhney IM, et al. Albendazole therapy for single small enhancing CT lesions (SSECTL) in the brain of epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:272–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaurasia RN, Garg RK, Agarwall A, et al. Three day albendazole therapy in patients with a solitary cysticercus granuloma: a randomized double blind placebo controlled study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010;41:517–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH. Single parenchymal brain cysticercus in the acute encephalitic phase: definition of a distinct form of neurocysticercosis with a benign prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58:247–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, Nash TE, García HH. Cysticerci-related single parenchymal brain enhancing lesions in non-endemic countries. J Neurol Sci. 2012;319:32–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otte WM, Singla M, Sander JW, et al. Drug therapy for solitary cysticercus granuloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2013;80:152–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustos JA, Garcia HH, Del Brutto OH. Antiepileptic drug therapy and recommendations for withdrawal in patients with seizures and epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16:1079–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleury A, Carrillo-Mezo R, Flisser A, et al. Subarachnoid basal neurocysticercosis: a focus on the most severe form of the disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9:123–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH. Cysticercosis and cerebrovascular disease: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:252–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arauz A, Ruiz-Navarro F, Silos H, et al. Concurrent asymptomatic inflammatory aneurysm and ischemic stroke due to cysticercal arteritis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013;115:2540–2542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajshekhar V. Surgical management of neurocysticercosis. Int J Surg. 2010;8:100–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitre E, Talaat KR, Sperling MR, et al. Methotrexate as a corticosteroid-sparing agent in complicated neurocysticercosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:549–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash TE, Ware JM, Coyle CM, et al. Etanercept to control inflammation in the treatment of complicated neurocysticercosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019;100:609–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, Sotelo J. Albendazole therapy for subarachnoid and ventricular cysticercosis. J Neurosurg. 1990;72:816–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, Sotelo J, Aguirre R, et al. Albendazole therapy for giant subarachnoid cysticerci. Arch Neurol. 1992;49:535–538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agapejev S, Da Silva MD, Ueda AK. Severe forms of neurocysticercosis: treatment with albendazole. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1996;54:82–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH. Albendazole therapy for subarachnoid cysticerci: clinical and neuroimaging analysis of 17 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:659–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proaño JV, Madrazo I, Avelar F, et al. Medical treatment for neurocysticercosis characterized by giant subarachnoid cysts. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:879–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Góngora-Rivera F, Soto-Hernández JL, González Esquivel D, et al. Albendazole trial at 15 or 30 mg/kg/day for subarachnoid and intraventricular cysticercosis. Neurology. 2006;66:436–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquez-Caraveo C, Gongora-Rivera F, Santos Zambrano J, et al. Pre-treatment with corticosteroids and a single cycle of high dose albendazole for subarachnoid cysticercosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:938–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash TE, O’Connell EM, Hammoud DA, et al. Natural history of treated subarachnoid neurocysticercosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102:78–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittella JEH. Neurocysticercosis. Brain Pathol. 1997;7:681–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuetter AC, Andrews RJ. Intraventricular neurocysticercosis: 18 consecutive patients and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2002;12:5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuetter AC, Garcia-Bobadilla J, Guerra LG, et al. Neurocysticercosis: focus on intraventricular disease. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:157–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proaño JV, Madrazo I, García L, et al. Albendazole and praziquantel in neurocysticercosis of the fourth ventricle. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:29–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaif M, Husain M, Ojha BK. Endoscopic management of intraventricular neurocysticercosis. Turk Neurosurg. 2019;29:59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash TE, Ware JM, Mahanty S. Intraventricular neurocysticercosis: experience and long-term outcome from a tertiary referral center in The United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:1755–1762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callacondo D, Garcia HH, Gonzales I, et al.; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. High frequency of spinal involvement in patients with basal subarachnoid neurocysticercosis. Neurology. 2012;78:1394–1400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agale SV, Bhavsar S, Choudhury B, et al. Isolated intramedullary spinal cord cysticercosis. Asian J Neurosurg. 2012;7:90–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qi B, Ge P, Yang H, et al. Spinal intramedullary cysticercosis: a case report and literature review. Int J Med Sci. 2011;8:420–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, García HH. Intramedullary cysticercosis of the spinal cord: a review of patients evaluated with MRI. J Neurol Sci. 2013;331:114–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Brutto OH, Guevara J, Sotelo J. Intrasellar cysticercosis. J Neurosurg. 1988;69:58–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boecher-Schwarz HG, Hey O, Higer HP, et al. Intrasellar cysticercosis mimicking a pituitary adenoma. Br J Neurosurg. 1991;5:405–407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Case records of the massachusetts general hospital. Case 9-1993. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:566–573.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheong JH, Kim JM, Kim CH. Neurocysticercosis involving the pituitary stalk: case report and literature review. Korean J Neurosurg Soc. 2010;48:91–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelesidis T, Tsiodras S. Hypopituitarism caused by neurocysticercosis. Am J Med Sci. 2011;341:414–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wender JD, Rathinam SR, Shaw RE, et al. Intraocular cysticercosis: case series and comprehensive review of the literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2001;19:240–245.
   Google Scholar
• Madigubba S, Vishwanath K, Reddy G, et al. Changing trends in ocular cysticercosis over two decades: an analysis of 118 surgically excised cysts. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007;25:214–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruger-Leite E, Jalkh AE, Quiroz H, et al. Intraocular cysticercosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;99:252–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma T, Sinha S, Shah N, et al. Intraocular cysticercosis: clinical characteristics and visual outcome after vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:996–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano D, Barbosa S. Tratamiento con albendazol de la cisticercosis intraocular. Rev Mex Oftalmol. 1990;64:15–28.
   Google Scholar
• Raina UK, Taneja S, Lamba PA, et al. Spontaneous extrusion of extraocular cysticercus cysts. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:438–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim WK, Chee SP. Nonsurgical management of subretinal cysticercosis. Retina. 2004;24:469–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbosh D, van de Nes JC, Groll E, et al. Penetration of praziquantel into cerebrospinal fluid and cysticerci in human cysticercosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;2987(33):287–292.
   Google Scholar
• Rossignol JF. Albendazole: estudios clínicos realizados en Francia y Africa Occidental. Informe sobre 1034 casos. Compendium de Investigaciones Clínicas Latino Americanas. 1981;1:117–125.
   Google Scholar
• Castro N, Márquez-Caraveo C, Brundage RC, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of albendazole in patients with neurocysticercosis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;47:679–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia HH, Lescano AG, Lanchote VL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of combined treatment with praziquantel and albendazole in neurocysticercosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;72:77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushal S, Rani A, Chopra SC, et al. Safety and efficacy of clobazam versus phenytoin-sodium in the antiepileptic treatment of solitary cysticercus granulomas. Neurol India. 2006;54:157–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchin MM, Velasco TR, Wichert-Ana L, et al. Characteristics of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis plus neurocysticercosis. Epilepsy Res. 2014;108:1889–1895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar