Porphyromonas gingivalis infection may contribute to systemic and intracerebral amyloid-beta: implications for Alzheimer’s disease onset

References

• Kumar PS. From focal sepsis to periodontal medicine: A century of exploring the role of the oral microbiome in systemic disease. J Physiol. 2017;595(2):465–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuckfeld I, Obregon-Whittle MV, Lund MB, et al. Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: association with marginal bone loss in periodontitis. Respir Med. 2008;102(4):488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazir MA. Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017;11(2):72–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsen I. From the Acta Prize Lecture 2014: the periodontal-systemic connection seen from a microbiological standpoint. Acta Odontol Scand. 2015;73(8):563–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen I, Singhrao SK. Poor oral health and its neurological consequences: mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis involvement in cognitive dysfunction. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2019;6:120–129.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen I, Singhrao SK, Potempa J. Citrullination as a plausible link to periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. J Oral Microbiol. 2018;10(1):1487742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papapanou PN. Systemic effects of periodontitis: lessons learned from research on atherosclerotic vascular disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Int Dent J. 2015;65(6):283–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen I, Singhrao SK. Can oral infection be a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease? J Oral Microbiol. 2015;7:29143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen I. Update on bacteraemia related to dental procedures. Transfus Apher Sci. 2008;39:173–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomás I, Diz P, Tobias A, et al. Periodontal health status and bacteraemia from daily oral activities: systematic review/meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39:213–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahrani-Mougeot FK, Paster BJ, Coleman S, et al. Diverse and novel oral bacterial species in blood following dental procedures. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(6):2129–2132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajishengallis G, Darveau RP, Curtis MA. The keystone-pathogen hypothesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10(10):717–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, et al. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1998;25(2):134–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Hossain S, et al. Clinical and bacterial markers of periodontitis and their association with incident all-cause and Alzheimer’s disease dementia in a large national survey. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2020. 10.3233/JAD-200064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominy SS, Lynch C, Ermini F, et al., Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors. Sci Adv. 5(1): eaau3333. 2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole S, Singhrao SK, Kesavalu L, et al. Determining the presence of periodontopathic virulence factors in short-term postmortem Alzheimer’s disease brain tissue. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;36:665–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng F, Liu Y, Huang W, et al. Receptor for advanced glycation end products up-regulation in cerebral endothelial cells mediates cerebrovascular-related amyloid β accumulation after Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. J Neurochem. 2020. Online ahead of print. DOI:10.1111/jnc.15096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potempa J, Pike R, Travis J. The multiple forms of trypsin-like activity present in various strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis are due to the presence of either Arg-gingipain or Lys-gingipain. Infect Immun. 1995;63(4):1176–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilievski V, Zuchowska PK, Green SJ, et al., Chronic oral application of a periodontal pathogen results in brain inflammation, neurodegeneration and amyloid beta production in wild type mice. PLoS One. 2018;13(10): e0204941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haditsch U, Roth T, Rodriguez L, et al. Alzheimer’s disease-like neurodegeneration in Porphyromonas gingivalis infected neurons with persistent expression of active gingipains. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2020;75:1361–1376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C-K, Wu Y-T, Chang Y-C. Association between chronic periodontitis and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a retrospective, population-based, matched-cohort study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9(1):56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JW, Chang CH, Caffrey JL. Feature article: examining the association between oral health status and dementia: A nationwide nested case-controlled study. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(3):231–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks Stein P, Steffen MJ, Smith C, et al. Serum antibodies to periodontal pathogens are a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8:196–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boche D, Perry VH, Nicoll JAR. Review: activation patterns of microglia and their identification in the human brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2013;39:3–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penke B, Bogár F, Paragi G, et al. Key peptides and proteins in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2019;20(6):577–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia W. Amyloid metabolism and secretases in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2001;1(5):422–427.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hook G, Hook V, Kindy M. The cysteine protease inhibitor, E64d, reduces brain amyloid-beta and improves memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease animal models by inhibiting cathepsin B, but not BACE1, beta-secretase activity. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;26:387–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhrao SK, Olsen I. Assessing the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis to determine a causative relationship with Alzheimer’s disease. J Oral Microbiol. 2019;11(1):1563405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evin G, Zhu A, Holsinger RM, et al. Proteolytic processing of the Alzheimer’s disease amyloid precursor protein in brain and platelets. J Neurosci Res. 2003;74:386–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo YM, Kokjohn TA, Watson MD, et al. Elevated abeta42 in skeletal muscle of Alzheimer disease patients suggests peripheral alterations of AbetaPP metabolism. Am J Pathol. 2000;156:797–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bu X-L, Xiang Y, Jin W-S, et al. Blood-derived amyloid-β protein induces Alzheimer’s disease pathologies. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23:1948–1956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie R, Wu Z, Ni J, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection induces amyloid-β accumulation in monocytes/macrophages. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;72:479–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil-Montoya JA, Barrios R, Santana S, et al. Association between periodontitis and amyloid β peptide in elderly people with and without cognitive impairment. J Periodontol. 2017;88:1051–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leira Y, Iglesias-Rey R, Gómez-Lado N, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis and serum amyloid-beta peptides. Arch Oral Biol. 2019;99:120–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Mesquita S, Louveau A, Vaccari A, et al. Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2018;560(7717):185–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole S, Singhrao SK, Chukkapalli S, et al. Active invasion of Porphyromonas gingivalis and infection-induced complement activation in ApoE−/- mice brains. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;43(1):67–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, Ni J, Liu Y, et al. Cathepsin B plays a critical role in inducing Alzheimer’s disease-like phenotypes following chronic systemic exposure to lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2017;65:350–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jevtic S, Sengar AS, Salter MW, et al. The role of the immune system in Alzheimer disease: etiology and treatment. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;40:84–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajishengallis G. Immune evasion strategies of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Oral Biosci. 2011;53(3):233–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsen I, Singhrao SK. Is there a link between genetic defects in the complement cascade and Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease? J Oral Microbiol. 2019;12(1):1676486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar