Endemic mycoses: epidemiology and diagnostic strategies

References

• Lockhart SR, Guarner J. Emerging and reemerging fungal infections. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2019;36(3):177–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzer HJF, Burchard G, Cornely OA, et al. Diagnosis and management of systemic endemic mycoses causing pulmonary disease. Respiration. 2018;96(3): 283–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Queiroz-Telles F, Fahal AH, Falci DR, et al. Neglected endemic mycoses. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(11):e367–e377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonifaz A, Vázquez-González D, Perusquía-Ortiz AM. Endemic systemic mycoses: coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(9):705‐715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown EM, McTaggart LR, Dunn D, et al. Epidemiology and Geographic Distribution of Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, and Coccidioidomycosis, Ontario, Canada, 1990-2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(7):1257–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-Morant D, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Salvador F, et al. Imported endemic mycoses in Spain: evolution of hospitalized cases, clinical characteristics and correlation with migratory movements, 1997-2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(2):e0006245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limper AH, Adenis A, Le T, et al. Fungal infections in HIV/AIDS. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:e334–e343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taborda CP, Buccheri R, Benard G, et al. Paracoccidioides spp. and histoplasma capsulatum: current and new perspectives for diagnosis and treatment. Curr Top Med Chem. 2018;18(15):1333–1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valero C, Gago S, Monteiro MC, et al. African histoplasmosis: new clinical and microbiological insights. Med Mycol. 2018;56(1):51–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buitrago MJ, Cuenca-Estrella M. Current epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of endemic mycoses in Spain. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2012;30(7):407–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheat LJ, Azar MM, Bahr NC, et al. Histoplasmosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016;30(1):207–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasceno-Escoura AH, Mora DJ, Cardeal AC, et al. Histoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients: epidemiological, clinical and necropsy data from a brazilian teaching hospital. Mycopathologia. 2020;185(2):339–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nacher M. Histoplasmosis in persons living with HIV. J Fungi (Basel). 2019;6(1):pii: E3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caceres DH, Knuth M, Derado G, et al. Diagnosis of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in advanced HIV: A meta-analysis of assay analytical performance. J Fungi (Basel). 2019;5(3):E76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith JA, Riddell J 4th, Kauffman CA. Cutaneous manifestations of endemic mycoses. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2013;15(5):440–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azar MM, Hage CA. Clinical perspectives in the diagnosis and management of histoplasmosis. Clin Chest Med. 2017;38(3):403–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staffolani S, Buonfrate D, Angheben A, et al. Acute histoplasmosis in immunocompetent travelers: a systematic review of literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):673.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoenigl M, Schwetz I, Wurm R, et al. Pulmonary histoplasmosis in three Austrian travelers after a journey to Mexico. Infection. 2008;36(3):282–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voto C, Guadalupe Pérez M, Gómez S, et al. Histoplasmosis in Argentina: case series in children. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2020;37(1):34–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azar MM, Loyd JL, Relich RF, et al. Current concepts in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of histoplasmosis syndromes. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;41(1):13–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deepe GS Jr., Sheppard DC. Outbreaks of histoplasmosis: the spores set sail. PLoS Pathog. 2018;14(9):e1007213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddley JW, Winthrop KL, Patkar NM, et al. Geographic distribution of endemic fungal infections among older persons, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(9):1664–1669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay RJ, White HS, Fields PE, et al. Histoplasmosis in the eastern Caribbean: a preliminary survey of the incidence of the infection. J Trop Med Hyg. 1981;84(1):9–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gascón J, Torres JM, Jiménez M, et al. Histoplasmosis infection in Spanish travelers to Latin America. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24(12):839–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramón-García G, Peña-Alonso YR, Ontiveros-Nevares PG. Histoplasmosis diseminada en niños disseminated histoplasmosis in children. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1993;50(12):870–875.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farina C, Rizzi M, Ricci L, et al. Imported and autochthonous histoplasmosis in Italy: new cases and old problems. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2005;22(3):169–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan B, Chen M, Pan W, et al. Histoplasmosis: a new endemic fungal infection in China? Review and analysis of cases. Mycoses. 2013;56(3):212–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker J, Setianingrum F, Wahyuningsih R, et al. Mapping histoplasmosis in South East Asia - implications for diagnosis in AIDS. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019;8(1):1139–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatakeyama S, Okamoto K, Ogura K, et al. Histoplasmosis among HIV-infected patients in Japan: a case report and literature review. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2019;72(5):330–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel AK, Patel KK, Toshniwal H, et al. Histoplasmosis in non-endemic North-Western part of India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2018;36(1):61–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oladele RO, Ayanlowo OO, Richardson MD, et al. Histoplasmosis in Africa: an emerging or a neglected disease? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018 Jan 18;12(1):e0006046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myint T, Al-Hasan MN, Ribes JA, et al. Temporal trends, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of histoplasmosis in a tertiary care center in Kentucky, 2000 to 2009. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2014;13(2):100–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almeida MA, Almeida-Silva F, Guimarães AJ, et al. The occurrence of histoplasmosis in Brazil: A systematic review. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;86:147–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina N, Samayoa B, Lau-Bonilla D, et al. Burden of serious fungal infections in Guatemala. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;36(6):965–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adenis AA, Valdes A, Cropet C, et al. Burden of HIV-associated histoplasmosis compared with tuberculosis in Latin America: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(10):1150–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirait SP, Bramono K, Hermanto N. Correlation of CD4 counts with clinical and histopathological findings in disseminated histoplasmosis: a 10-year retrospective study. Int J Dermatol. 2017;56(9):926–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staffolani S, Riccardi N, Farina C, et al. Acute histoplasmosis in travelers: a retrospective study in an Italian referral center for tropical diseases. Pathog Glob Health. 2020;114(1):40–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agudelo CA, Restrepo CA, Molina DA, et al. Tuberculosis and histoplasmosis co-infection in AIDS patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87(6):1094–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soza GM, Patel M, Readinger A, et al. Disseminated cutaneous histoplasmosis in newly diagnosed HIV. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2016;29(1):50–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi K, Asakura T, Kawada I, et al. Disseminated histoplasmosis from a calcified lung nodule after long-term corticosteroid therapy in an elderly Japanese patient: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(17):e15264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergidis P, Avery RK, Wheat LJ, et al. Histoplasmosis complicating tumor necrosis factor-α blocker therapy: a retrospective analysis of 98 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(3):409–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Untanu RV, Akbar S, Graziano S, et al. Histoplasmosis-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an adult patient: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2016;2016:1358742.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mittal J, Ponce MG, Gendlina I, et al. Histoplasma capsulatum: mechanisms for pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2019;422:157–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hove MG, Woods GL, Vergidis P. Duration of fungal culture incubation in an area endemic for Histoplasma capsulatum. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997;28(1):41–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Bragg SL, Reiss E, et al. Immunochemical analysis of the H and M glycoproteins from Histoplasma capsulatum. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1994;1(5):563–568.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• López LF, Muñoz CO, Cáceres DH, et al. Standardization and validation of real time PCR assays for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis using three molecular targets in an animal model. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0190311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida MA, Damasceno LS, Pizzini CV, et al. Role of western blot assay for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in AIDS patients from a national institute of infectious diseases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mycoses. 2019;62(3):261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez BL. Molecular diagnosis of endemic and invasive mycoses: advances and challenges. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2014;31(1):35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández Andreu CM, Martínez Machin G. The sources of histoplasmosis infection on the Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 1992;34(5):441–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordóñez N, Arango M, Gómez B, et al. The value of immunological assays in the diagnosis of meningeal histoplasmosis. Rev Neurol. 1997;25(145):1376–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libert D, Procop GW, Ansari MQ. Histoplasma urinary antigen testing obviates the need for coincident serum antigen testing. Am J Clin Pathol. 2018;149(4):362–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Queiroz-Telles F, Escuissato DL. Pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32(6):764‐774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canteros CE. Paracoccidioidomicosis: crónica de una enfermedad olvidada [Paracoccidioidomycosis: chronicle of a neglected disease]. Med (B Aires). 2018;78(3):180–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hahn RC, Rodrigues AM, Della Terra PP, et al. Clinical and epidemiological features of paracoccidioidomycosis due to Paracoccidioides lutzii. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(6):e0007437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Almeida SM, Salvador GLO, Roza TH, et al. Geographical evaluation of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis in Southern Brazil. Mycoses. 2018;61(8):587–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Macedo PM, Almeida-Paes R, Freitas DF, et al. Acute juvenile paracoccidioidomycosis: A 9-year cohort study in the endemic area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(3):e0005500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abreu E Silva MÀ, Salum FG, Figueiredo MA, et al. Important aspects of oral paracoccidioidomycosis–a literature review. Mycoses. 2013;56(3):189–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messina F, Romero M, Benchetrit A, et al. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of paracoccidioidomycosis in patients with AIDS in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Med Mycol. 2020;58(1):22–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Almeida JN Jr, Peçanha-Pietrobom PM, Colombo AL. Paracoccidioidomycosis in immunocompromised patients: a literature review. J Fungi (Basel). 2018;5(1):pii: E2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kayser M, Rickerts V, Drick N, et al. Chronic progressive pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis in a female immigrant from Venezuela. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2019;13:1753466619894913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millington MA, Nishioka SA, Martins ST, et al. Paracoccidioidomicose: abordagem histórica e perspectivas de implantação da vigilância e controle [Paracoccidioidomycosis: historical approach and perspectives for implementation of surveillance and control]. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2018;27:e0500002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barreto MM, Marchiori E, Amorim VB, et al. Thoracic paracoccidioidomycosis: radiographic and CT findings. Radiographics. 2012;32(1):71–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morato EM, Morais GR, Sato F, et al. Morphological and structural changes in lung tissue infected by paracoccidioides brasiliensis: FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy and histological analysis. Photochem Photobiol. 2013;89(5):1170–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva JF, de Oliveira HC, Marcos CM, et al. Advances and challenges in paracoccidioidomycosis serology caused by paracoccidioides species complex: an update. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;84(1):87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dos Santos PO, Rodrigues AM, Fernandes GF, et al. Immunodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis due to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis using a latex test: detection of specific antibody anti-gp43 and specific antigen gp43. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(2):e0003516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaviria M, Rivera V, Muñoz-Cadavid C, et al. Validation and clinical application of a nested PCR for paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosis in clinical samples from Colombian patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2015;19(4):376–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Garcia SC, Salas Alanis JC, Flores MG, et al. Coccidioidomycosis and the skin: a comprehensive review. An Bras Dermatol. 2015;90:610–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman M, Jackson BR, McCotter O, et al. Coccidioidomycosis outbreaks, United States and Worldwide, 1940-2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(3):417–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCotter OZ, Benedict K, Engelthaler DM, et al. Update on the epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis in the United States. Med Mycol. 2019;57(Supplement_1):S30–S40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson L, Ting J, Lin H, et al. The rise of valley fever: prevalence and cost burden of coccidioidomycosis infection in California. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(7):pii: E1113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laniado-Laborín R, Arathoon EG, Canteros C, et al. Coccidioidomycosis in Latin America. Med Mycol. 2019;57(Supplement_1):S46‐S55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toda M, Gonzalez FJ, Fonseca-Ford M, et al. Notes from the field: multistate coccidioidomycosis outbreak in U.S. residents returning from community service trips to Baja California, Mexico — july–August 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(14):332–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacy GH, Swatek FE. Soil ecology of coccidioides immitis at Amerindian middens in California. Appl Microbiol. 1974;27(2):379–388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendoza N, Noel P, Blair JE. Diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of coccidioidomycosis in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2015;17(3):380–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koistinen K, Mullaney L, Bell T, et al. Coccidioidomycosis in nonhuman primates: pathologic and clinical findings. Vet Pathol. 2018;55(6):905–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Patoilo KR, Praciano SB, et al. Antigens of coccidioides posadasii as an important tool for the immunodiagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia. 2013;175(1–2):25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson R, Kernerman SM, Sawtelle BG, et al. A reformulated spherule-derived coccidioidin (Spherusol) to detect delayed-type hypersensitivity in coccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia. 2012;174(5–6):353–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saubolle MA, Wojack BR, Wertheimer AM, et al. Multicenter clinical validation of a cartridge-based real-time PCR system for detection of coccidioides spp. in lower respiratory specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56:pii: e01277–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers JR, Parise KL, Kelley EJ, et al. Direct detection of coccidioides from arizona soils using CocciENV, a highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay. Med Mycol. 2019;57(2):246–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappagianis D. Serologic studies in coccidioidomycosis. Semin Respir Infect. 2001;16(4):242–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendoza N, Blair JE. The utility of diagnostic testing for active coccidioidomycosis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(4):1034–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman L. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis and confirmation of systemic mycoses. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14(Suppl 1):S23–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufman L, Clark MJ. Value of the concomitant use of complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests in the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. Appl Microbiol. 1974;28(4):641–643.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blair JE, Ampel NM, Hoover SE. Coccidioidomycosis in selected immunosuppressed hosts. Med Mycol. 2019 Feb 1;57(Supplement_1):S56–S63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malo J, Holbrook E, Zangeneh T, et al. Comparison of three anti-coccidioides antibody enzyme immunoassay kits for the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. Med Mycol. 2020; pii: myz125. doi:10.1093/mmy/myz125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz IS, Kauffman CA. Blastomycosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;41(1):31–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf N, Kubat RC, Poplin V, et al. Re-drawing the maps for endemic mycoses. Mycopathologia. 2020. Feb 10. doi: 10.1007/s11046-020-00431-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ireland M, Klumb C, Smith K, et al. Blastomycosis in Minnesota, USA, 1999-2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(5):866–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saccente M, Woods GL. Clinical and laboratory update on blastomycosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Apr;23(2):367–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khuu D, Shafir S, Bristow B, et al. Blastomycosis mortality rates, United States, 1990–2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Nov;20(11):1789–1794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo CG, Kauffman CA, Miceli MH. Blastomycosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016;30(1):247‐264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz IS, Wiederhold NP, Hanson KE, et al. Blastomyces helicus, a New Dimorphic Fungus Causing Fatal Pulmonary and Systemic Disease in Humans and Animals in Western Canada and the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(2):188‐195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman DZP, Schwartz IS. Emerging fungal infections: new patients, new patterns, and new pathogens. J Fungi (Basel). 2019;5(3):67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richer SM, Smedema ML, Durkin MM, et al. Development of a highly sensitive and specific blastomycosis antibody enzyme immunoassay using Blastomyces dermatitidis surface protein BAD-1. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014;21(2):143‐146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li L, Chen K, Dhungana N, et al. Characterization of clinical isolates of talaromyces marneffei and related species, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(9):1765‐1768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan JF, Lau SK, Yuen KY, et al. Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection in non-HIV-infected patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2016;5(1):e19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Wang C, Zeng K, et al. AIDS-associated disseminated talaromycosis (penicilliosis) marneffei. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2018;16(10):1256‐1259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao C, Xi L, Chaturvedi V. Talaromycosis (Penicilliosis) due to talaromyces (penicillium) marneffei: insights into the clinical trends of a major fungal disease 60 years after the discovery of the pathogen. Mycopathologia. 2019;184(6):709‐720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xian J, Huang X, Li Q, et al. Dermatoscopy for the rapid diagnosis of talaromyces marneffei infection: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ning C, Lai J, Wei W, et al. Accuracy of rapid diagnosis of talaromyces marneffei: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau SK, Lam CS, Ngan AH, et al. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for rapid identification of mold and yeast cultures of Penicillium marneffei. BMC Microbiol. 2016;16(1):36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pruksaphon K, Intaramat A, Ratanabanangkoon K, et al. Diagnostic laboratory immunology for talaromycosis (penicilliosis): review from the bench-top techniques to the point-of-care testing. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;96(3):114959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Zheng Y, Wu F, et al. Evaluation of quantitative real-time PCR and platelia galactomannan assays for the diagnosis of disseminated talaromyces marneffei infection. Med Mycol. 2020;58(2):181‐186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruksaphon K, Intaramat A, Ratanabanangkoon K, et al. Development and characterization of an immunochromatographic test for the rapid diagnosis of talaromyces (penicillium) marneffei. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes MO, Moraes MA, Renoiner EI, et al. Acute conjunctivitis with episcleritis and anterior uveitis linked to adiaspiromycosis and freshwater sponges, Amazon region, Brazil, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(4):633‐639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner D, Burke M, Bashe E, et al. Pulmonary adiaspiromycosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999;18(12):893‐895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelegrín I, Ayats J, Xiol X, et al. Disseminated adiaspiromycosis: case report of a liver transplant patient with human immunodeficiency infection, and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis. 2011;13(5):507‐514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz IS, Sanche S, Wiederhold NP, et al. Emergomyces canadensis, a dimorphic fungus causing fatal systemic human disease in North America. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(4):758‐761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maphanga TG, Britz E, Zulu TG, et al. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of yeast and mold phases of isolates of dimorphic fungal pathogen emergomyces africanus (formerly emmonsia sp.) from HIV-infected South African Patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(6):1812‐1820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Kenyon C, de Hoog S, et al. A novel dimorphic pathogen, emergomyces orientalis (Onygenales), agent of disseminated infection. Mycoses. 2017;60(5):310‐319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooms I, Mugisha P, Gambichler T, et al. Disseminated emergomycosis in a person with HIV Infection, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(9):1750‐1751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar