Ampicillin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: a clinical narrative review

References

• García-Solache M, Rice LB. The enterococcus: a model of adaptability to its environment. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32(2):e00058–18. DOI:10.1128/CMR.00058-18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias CA, Murray BE. The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10(4):266–278. DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dadashi M, Sharifian P, Bostanshirin N, et al. The global prevalence of daptomycin, tigecycline, and linezolid-resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium strains from human clinical samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med. 2021;8:720647. DOI:10.3389/fmed.2021.720647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(3):318–327. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30753-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestrovic T, Robles Aguilar G, Swetschinski LR, et al. The burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the WHO European region in 2019: a cross-country systematic analysis. Lancet Public Heal. 2022;7(11):e897–e913. DOI:10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00225-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee T, Pang S, Abraham S, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant CC17 Enterococcus faecium: the past, the present and the future. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2019;16:36–47. DOI:10.1016/j.jgar.2018.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases [Internet]. [cited 2021 Nov 13]. Available from: https://atlas.ecdc.europa.eu/public/index.aspx?Dataset=27&HealthTopic=4.
   Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Mendes RE, Duncan LR, et al. Activity of dalbavancin and comparator agents against Gram-positive cocci from clinical infections in the USA and Europe 2015–16. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(10):2748–2756. DOI:10.1093/jac/dky235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran TT, Villegas SG, Aitken SL, et al. New perspectives on antimicrobial agents: long-acting lipoglycopeptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022;66(6):e0261420. DOI:10.1128/aac.02614-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattoir V, Giard J-C. Antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12(2):239–248. DOI:10.1586/14787210.2014.870886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosselli Del Turco E, Bartoletti M, Dahl A, et al. How do I manage a patient with enterococcal bacteraemia? Clin. Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(3):364–371. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.029
   Google Scholar
• Gao W, Howden BP, Stinear TP. Evolution of virulence in Enterococcus faecium, a hospital-adapted opportunistic pathogen. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2018;41:76–82. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitas AR, Pereira AP, Novais C, et al. Multidrug-resistant high-risk Enterococcus faecium clones: can we really define them? Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021;57(1):106227. DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montealegre MC, Roh H, Rae M, et al. Differential penicillin-binding protein 5 (pbp5) levels in the enterococcus faecium clades with different levels of ampicillin resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(1):1–10. DOI:10.1128/AAC.02034-16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattoir V, Isnard C, Cosquer T, et al. Genomic analysis of reduced susceptibility to tigecycline in enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(1):239–244. DOI:10.1128/AAC.04174-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg SL, Little JL, Hoff JS, et al. Requirement of the CroRS two-component system for resistance to cell wall-targeting antimicrobials in enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(5):1–11. DOI:10.1128/AAC.02461-16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialvaei AZ, Rahbar M, Yousefi M, et al. Linezolid: a promising option in the treatment of Gram-positives. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(2):354–364. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkw450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eucast Clinical Breakpoints [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 6]. Available from: https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Breakpoint_tables/v_11.0_Breakpoint_Tables.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Conde-Estévez D, Sorli L, Morales-Molina JA, et al. Características clínicas diferenciales entre las bacteriemias por Enterococcus faecalis y Enterococcus faecium. Enferm Infec Microbiol Clin. 2010;28(6):342–348. DOI:10.1016/j.eimc.2009.06.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller WR, Murray BE, Rice LB, et al. Resistance in vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2020;34(4):751–771. DOI:10.1016/j.idc.2020.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cercenado E. Enterococcus: resistencias fenotípicas y genotípicas y epidemiología en España. Enferm Infec Microbiol Clin. 2011;29:59–65. doi: 10.1016/S0213-005X(11)70045-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller WR, Munita JM, Arias CA. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12(10):1221–1236. DOI:10.1586/14787210.2014.956092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djorić D, Little JL, Kristich CJ. Multiple low-reactivity class B penicillin-binding proteins are required for cephalosporin resistance in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(4):e02273–19. DOI:10.1128/AAC.02273-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnidge J, Kahlmeter G, Cantón R, et al. Daptomycin in the treatment of enterococcal bloodstream infections and endocarditis: a EUCAST position paper. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(8):1039–1043. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen GP, Bierman BC. In vitro analysis of resistance selection by linezolid in vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;34(1):21–24. DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.12.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavnani SM, Drake JA, Forrest A, et al. A nationwide, multicenter, case-control study comparing risk factors, treatment, and outcome for vancomycin-resistant and -susceptible enterococcal bacteremia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;36(3):145–158. DOI:10.1016/S0732-8893(99)00136-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumura T, Nagao M, Nakano S, et al. Enterococcal bacteraemia: predictive and prognostic risk factors for ampicillin resistance. Epidemiol Infect. 2018;146(16):2028–2035. DOI:10.1017/S0950268818002479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Du M, Chang Y, et al. Incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of nosocomial Enterococcus spp. bloodstream infections in a tertiary-care hospital in Beijing, China: a four-year retrospective study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6(1):73. DOI:10.1186/s13756-017-0231-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billington EO, Phang SH, Gregson DB, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes for Enterococcus spp. blood stream infections: a population-based study. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;26:76–82. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada Y, Magarifuchi H, Oho M, et al. Clinical features of enterococcal bacteremia due to ampicillin-susceptible and ampicillin-resistant enterococci: an eight-year retrospective comparison study. J Infect Chemother. 2015;21(7):527–530. DOI:10.1016/j.jiac.2015.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinholt M, Østergaard C, Arpi M, et al. Incidence, clinical characteristics and 30-day mortality of enterococcal bacteraemia in Denmark 2006–2009: a population-based cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(2):145–151. DOI:10.1111/1469-0691.12236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Artero E, Campo-Nuñez A, García-García I, et al. Infección urinaria por enterococos: Factores de riesgo y mortalidad. Estudio observacional. Revista Clínica Española. 2021;221(7):375–383. (English Ed. doi:10.1016/j.rce.2020.09.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suppli M, Aabenhus R, Harboe ZB, et al. Mortality in enterococcal bloodstream infections increases with inappropriate antimicrobial therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(7):1078–1083. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03394.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden PK, Pasculle AW, Manez R, et al. Differences in outcomes for patients with bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium or vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium. Infect Dis. 1996;22(4):663–670. DOI:10.1093/clinids/22.4.663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde-Estévez D, Grau S, Albanell J, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with vancomycin- susceptible Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia in cancer patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30(1):103–108. DOI:10.1007/s10096-010-1029-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester CH, Sandvang D, Olsen SS, et al. Emergence of ampicillin-resistant enterococcus faecium in Danish hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(6):1203–1206. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkn360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanagh KT. Control of MSSA and MRSA in the United States: protocols, policies, risk adjustment and excuses. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):1–8. DOI:10.1186/s13756-019-0550-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou X, Willems RJL, Friedrich AW, et al. Enterococcus faecium: from microbiological insights to practical recommendations for infection control and diagnostics. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9(1):1–13. DOI:10.1186/s13756-020-00770-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diekema DJ, Hsueh PR, Mendes RE, et al. The microbiology of bloodstream infection: 20-year trends from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019;63(7):1–10. DOI:10.1128/AAC.00355-19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kraker M.E.A, Jarlier V, Monen JCM, et al. The changing epidemiology of bacteraemias in Europe: trends from the European antimicrobial resistance surveillance system. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(9):860–868. DOI:10.1111/1469-0691.12028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacobbe DR, Labate L, Tutino S, et al. Enterococcal bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a case series. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):1779–1786. DOI:10.1080/07853890.2021.1988695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortún J, Coque TM, Martín-Dávila P, et al. Risk factors associated with ampicillin resistance in patients with bacteraemia caused by Enterococcus faecium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50(6):1003–1009. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkf216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caballero-Granado FJ, Becerril B, Cuberos L, et al. Attributable mortality rate and duration of hospital stay associated with enterococcal bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(4):587–594. DOI:10.1086/318717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride SJ, Upton A, Roberts SA. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia—a five-year retrospective review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29(1):107–114. DOI:10.1007/s10096-009-0830-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeverria-Esnal D, Sorli L, Prim N, et al. Linezolid vs glycopeptides in the treatment of glycopeptide-susceptible Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia: a propensity score matched comparative study. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019;54(5):572–578. DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudiol C, Ayats J, Camoez M, et al. Increase in bloodstream infection due to vancomycin-susceptible enterococcus faecium in cancer patients: risk factors, molecular epidemiology and outcomes. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):74734. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0074734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Odriozola P, Muñoz-Sánchez J, Gutiérrez-Macías A, et al. Análisis de 182 episodios de bacteriemia por enterococo: Estudio de la epidemiología, microbiología y evolución clínica. Enferm Infec Microbiol Clin. 2007;25(8):503–507. DOI:10.1157/13109986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiazGranados CA, Zimmer SM, Mitchel K, et al. Comparison of mortality associated with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal bloodstream infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(3):327–333. DOI:10.1086/430909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zasowski EJ, Claeys KC, Lagnf AM, et al. Time is of the essence: the impact of delayed antibiotic therapy on patient outcomes in hospital-onset enterococcal bloodstream infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(10):1242–1250. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciw110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge CW, Adams J, Buchanan B, et al. Enterococcal bacteremia: to treat or not to treat, a reappraisal. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13(4):600–605. DOI:10.1093/clinids/13.4.600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mercuro NJ, Davis SL, Zervos MJ, et al. Combatting resistant enterococcal infections: a pharmacotherapy review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(9):979–992. DOI:10.1080/14656566.2018.1479397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler MS, Hansford KA, Blaskovich MAT, et al. Glycopeptide antibiotics: back to the future. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2014;67(9):631–644. DOI:10.1038/ja.2014.111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bin JM, Vasoo S, Menon SR, et al. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic determinants of vancomycin efficacy in enterococcal bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(3):e01602–17. DOI:10.1128/AAC.01602-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections: a revised consensus guideline and review by the American society of health-system pharmacists, the infectious diseases society of America, the pediatric infectious diseases society, and the society of infectious diseases pharmacists. Am J Heal Pharm. 2020;77(11):835–864. DOI:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul-Aziz MH, Alffenaar JWC, Bassetti M, et al. Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a position paper. Intensive care Med. 2020;46(6):1127–1153. DOI:10.1007/s00134-020-06050-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guskey MT, Pharm D, Tsuji BT, et al. A comparative review of the Lipoglycopeptides: oritavancin, Dalbavancin, and Telavancin. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30(1):80–94. DOI:10.1592/phco.30.1.80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdette SD, Trotman R, Saravolatz LD. Tedizolid: the first once-daily oxazolidinone class antibiotic. clin. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(8):1315–1321. DOI:10.1093/cid/civ501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidary M, Khosravi AD, Khoshnood S, et al. Daptomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(1):1–11. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkx349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavnani SM, Rubino CM, Ambrose PG, et al. Daptomycin exposure and the probability of elevations in the creatine phosphokinase level: data from a randomized trial of patients with bacteremia and endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(12):1568–1574. DOI:10.1086/652767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson LR. A review of tigecycline - the first glycylcycline. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008;32:S215–S222. doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(09)70005-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahav D, Lador A, Paul M, et al. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(9):1963–1971. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkr242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FICHA TECNICA TYGACIL 50 MG POLVO PARA SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION [Internet]. [cited 2022 Aug 22]. Available from: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/dochtml/ft/06336001/FT_06336001.html.
   Google Scholar
• FICHA TECNICA XYDALBA 500 MG DE POLVO PARA CONCENTRADO PARA SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION [Internet]. [cited 2022 Aug 22]. Available from: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/dochtml/ft/114986001/FT_114986001.html.
   Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Samonis G, et al. Fosfomycin. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(2):321–347. DOI:10.1128/CMR.00068-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FICHA TECNICA FOSFOCINA 4 G POLVO PARA SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 2]. Available from: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/dochtml/ft/50878/FT_50878.html.
   Google Scholar
• Lexicomp [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://online.lexi.com/lco/action/home.
   Google Scholar
• Home - Sanford Guide - Antimicrobial Stewardship [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://www.sanfordguide.com/.
   Google Scholar
• CIMA: VANCOMICINA NORMON 1000 MG POLVO PARA CONCENTRADO PARA SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION EFG [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/publico/detalle.html?nregistro=85651.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts JA, Bellomo R, Cotta MO, et al. Machines that help machines to help patients: optimising antimicrobial dosing in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and renal replacement therapy using dosing software. Intensive care Med. 2022;48(10):1338–1351. DOI:10.1007/s00134-022-06847-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wi J, Noh H, Min KL, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and dose optimization of teicoplanin during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(9):e01015–17. DOI:10.1128/AAC.01015-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi L, Zhuang Z, Duan L, et al. Dose optimization of teicoplanin for critically ill patients with renal dysfunction and continuous renal replacement therapy: experience from a prospective interventional study. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:817401. DOI:10.3389/fphar.2022.817401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang SH, Zhu ZY, Chen Z, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and dosage optimization of linezolid in patients with liver dysfunction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(6):e00133–20. DOI:10.1128/AAC.00133-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cojutti P, Pai MP, Pea F. Population pharmacokinetics and dosing considerations for the use of linezolid in overweight and obese adult patients. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2018;57(8):989–1000. DOI:10.1007/s40262-017-0606-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rosa FG, Corcione S, Baietto L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of linezolid during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;41(6):590–591. DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.01.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kühn D, Metz C, Seiler F, et al. Antibiotic therapeutic drug monitoring in intensive care patients treated with different modalities of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and renal replacement therapy: a prospective, observational single-center study. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):664. DOI:10.1186/s13054-020-03397-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIMA: ZYVOXID 2 mg/ml SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/publico/detalle.html?nregistro=64106.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Ge X-H, Guo H-L, et al. A systematic review of linezolid pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy: does one size fit all? Curr Drug Metab. 2023;24(1):70–77. DOI:10.2174/1389200224666221228144117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrasa H, Soraluce A, Isla A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in critically ill patients on continuous renal replacement therapy: influence of residual renal function on PK/PD target attainment. J Crit Care. 2019;50:69–76. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.11.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Wang Y, Yao F, et al. Pharmacokinetics of linezolid dose adjustment for creatinine clearance in critically ill patients: a multicenter, prospective, open-label, observational study. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:2129–2141. DOI:10.2147/DDDT.S303497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui LA, Bodolea C, Vlase L, et al. Linezolid administration to critically ill patients: intermittent or continuous infusion? A systematic literature search and review. Antibiotics. 2022;11(4):436. DOI:10.3390/antibiotics11040436
   Google Scholar
• El-Gaml RM, El-Khodary NM, Abozahra RR, et al. Applying pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic measurements for linezolid in critically ill patients: optimizing efficacy and reducing resistance occurrence. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;78(8):1301–1310. DOI:10.1007/s00228-022-03340-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIMA: SIVEXTRO 200 MG POLVO PARA CONCENTRADO PARA SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/publico/detalle.html?nregistro=115991003.
   Google Scholar
• FICHA TECNICA CUBICIN 350 MG POLVO PARA SOLUCION INYECTABLE Y PARA PERFUSION [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 13]. Available from: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/dochtml/ft/05328001/FT_05328001.html.
   Google Scholar
• Butterfield-Cowper JM. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis to dose optimize daptomycin in vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium: is the answer fixed dosing or lowering breakpoints? Ann Pharmacother. 2021;55(7):846–855. DOI:10.1177/1060028020971216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soraluce A, Asín-Prieto E, Rodríguez-Gascón A, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in critically ill patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;52(2):158–165. DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alobaid AS, Hites M, Lipman J, et al. Effect of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials in critically ill patients: a structured review. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;47(4):259–268. DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox AN, Smith WJ, Kupiec KE, et al. Daptomycin dosing in obese patients: analysis of the use of adjusted body weight versus actual body weight. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2019;6:2049936118820230. DOI:10.1177/2049936118820230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie F, Li S, Cheng Z. Population pharmacokinetics and dosing considerations of daptomycin in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;75(6):1559–1566. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkaa028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Li S, Wang Q, et al. Optimizing antimicrobial dosing for critically ill patients with mrsa infections: a new paradigm for improving efficacy during continuous renal replacement therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(4):842. DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics14040842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alraish R, Wicha SG, Frey OR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of tigecycline in critically ill patients with liver failure defined by maximal liver function capacity test (LiMax). Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):106. DOI:10.1186/s13613-020-00707-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastida C, Hernández-Tejero M, Cariqueo M, et al. Tigecycline population pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients with decompensated cirrhosis and severe infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2022;77(5):1365–1371. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkac036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Hu H, Zhang Q, et al. Effects of ex vivo extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits on sequestration of antimicrobial agents. Front Med. 2021;8:748769. DOI:10.3389/fmed.2021.748769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatti M, Pea F. Antimicrobial dose reduction in continuous renal replacement therapy: myth or real need? A practical approach for guiding dose optimization of novel antibiotics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2021;60(10):1271–1289. DOI:10.1007/s40262-021-01040-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIMA: TENKASI 400 MG POLVO PARA CONCENTRADO PARA SOLUCION PARA PERFUSION [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jan 1]. Available from: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/publico/detalle.html?nregistro=115989001.
   Google Scholar
• Álvarez R, Cortés LEL, Molina J, et al. Optimizing the clinical use of vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(5):2601–2609. DOI:10.1128/AAC.03147-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Arango S, Ogunwole SM, Sequist TD, et al. Vancomycin infusion reaction — moving beyond “red man syndrome”. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(14):1283–1286. DOI:10.1056/NEJMp2031891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campoli-Richards DM, Brogden RN, Faulds DAROIAAPPATP. Teicoplanin. Drugs. 1990;40(3):449–486. DOI:10.2165/00003495-199040030-00007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi R, Yamamoto T, Okamoto K, et al. Teicoplanin and vancomycin as treatment for glycopeptide-susceptible Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia: a propensity score-adjusted non-inferior comparative study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023;78(5):1231–1240. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkad079
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ha S, Huh K, Chung DR, et al. Efficacy of teicoplanin in bloodstream infections caused by Enterococcus faecium: posthoc analysis of a nationwide surveillance. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;122:506–513. DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.06.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald-Dickler N, Holtom P, Spellberg B. BustIng the myth of “static vs cidal”: a systemic literature review. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1470–1474. DOI:10.1093/cid/cix1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi C, Xia J, Ye J, et al. Effect of renal function on the risk of thrombocytopaenia in patients receiving linezolid therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(2):464–475. DOI:10.1111/bcp.14965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britt NS, Potter EM, Patel N, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness and safety of linezolid and daptomycin in vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bloodstream infection: a national cohort study of veterans affairs patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(6):871–878. DOI:10.1093/cid/civ444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatti M, Raschi E, De Ponti F. Serotonin syndrome by drug interactions with linezolid: clues from pharmacovigilance-pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;77(2):233–239. DOI:10.1007/s00228-020-02990-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnear CL, Patel TS, Young CL, et al. Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on within- and between-patient daptomycin resistance evolution in vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;63(4):e01800–18. DOI:10.1128/AAC.01800-18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egli A, Schmid H, Kuenzli E, et al. Association of daptomycin use with resistance development in Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia—a 7-year individual and population-based analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(2):.e118.1–.e118.7. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes RE, Castanheira M, Farrell DJ, et al. Longitudinal (2001-14) analysis of enterococci and VRE causing invasive infections in European and US hospitals, including a contemporary (2010-13) analysis of oritavancin in vitro potency. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:3453–3458. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkw319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Supandy A, Mehta HH, Tran TT, et al. Evolution of enterococcus faecium in response to a combination of daptomycin and fosfomycin reveals distinct and diverse adaptive strategies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022;66(6):e0233321. DOI:10.1128/aac.02333-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns of increased risk of death with IV antibacterial Tygacil (tigecycline) and approves new Boxed Warning | FDA [Internet]. [cited 2021 Dec 7]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-warns-increased-risk-death-iv-antibacterial-tygacil-tigecycline.
   Google Scholar
• Karageorgopoulos DE, Falagas ME. New antibiotics: optimal use in current clinical practice. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;34:S55–S62. doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(09)70569-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel R, Gallagher JC. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcal bacteremia pharmacotherapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(1):69–85. DOI:10.1177/1060028014556879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balli EP, Venetis CA, Miyakis S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of linezolid versus daptomycin for treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(2):734–739. DOI:10.1128/AAC.01289-13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorr AF, Kunkel MJ, Kollef M. Linezolid versus vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: pooled analysis of randomized studies. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56(5):923–929. DOI:10.1093/jac/dki355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang YC, Lin HY, Chen PY, et al. Daptomycin versus linezolid for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia: implications of daptomycin dose. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(10):.e890.1–.e890.7. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang YC, Wang JT, Lin HY, et al. Daptomycin versus linezolid for treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):687. DOI:10.1186/s12879-014-0687-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biswas PP, Dey S, Sen A, et al. Molecular characterization of virulence genes in vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-sensitive enterococci. J Glob Infect Dis. 2016;8(1):16–24. DOI:10.4103/0974-777X.176141
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mouwen A-M-M, Dijkstra JA, Jong E, et al. Early switching of antibiotic therapy from intravenous to oral using a combination of education, pocket-sized cards and switch advice: a practical intervention resulting in reduced length of hospital stay. International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents. 2020;55(1):105769. DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willekens R, Puig-Asensio M, Ruiz-Camps I, et al. Early oral switch to linezolid for low-risk patients with staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: a propensity-matched Cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(3):381–387. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciy916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeverría‐Esnal D, Sorli L, Prim N, et al. Daptomycin versus glycopeptides for the treatment of enterococcus faecium bacteraemia: a cohort study. Antibiotics. 2021;10(6):716. DOI:10.3390/antibiotics10060716
   Google Scholar
• Avery LM, Kuti JL, Weisser M, et al. Pharmacodynamic analysis of daptomycin-treated enterococcal bacteremia: it is time to change the breakpoint. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(10):1650–1657. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciy749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satlin MJ, Nicolau DP, Humphries RM, et al. Development of daptomycin susceptibility breakpoints for enterococcus faecium and revision of the breakpoints for other enterococcal species by the clinical and laboratory standards institute. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70:1240–1246. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciz845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santimaleeworagun W, Changpradub D, Thunyaharn S, et al. Optimizing the dosing regimens of daptomycin based on the susceptible dose-dependent breakpoint against vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection. Antibiotics. 2019;8(4):245. DOI:10.3390/antibiotics8040245
   Google Scholar
• Munita JM, Panesso D, Diaz L, et al. Correlation between mutations in liaFSR of enterococcus faecium and MIC of daptomycin: revisiting daptomycin breakpoints. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(8):4354–4359. DOI:10.1128/AAC.00509-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla BS, Shelburne S, Reyes K, et al. Influence of minimum inhibitory concentration in clinical outcomes of enterococcus faecium bacteremia treated with daptomycin: is it time to change the breakpoint? Clin. Infect Dis. 2016;62(12):1514–1520. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciw173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphries RM, Kraft CS. The new, new daptomycin breakpoint for Enterococcus spp. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(7):e00600–19. DOI:10.1128/JCM.00600-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahanbakhsh S, Singh NB, Yim J, et al. Impact of daptomycin dose exposure alone or in combination with β-lactams or rifampin against vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an in vitro biofilm model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(5):e02074–19. DOI:10.1128/AAC.02074-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebriaei R, Rice SA, Singh KV, et al. Influence of inoculum effect on the efficacy of daptomycin monotherapy and in combination with β-lactams against daptomycin-susceptible enterococcus faecium harboring LiaSR substitutions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(8):e00315–18. DOI:10.1128/AAC.00315-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebriaei R, Stamper KC, Singh KV, et al. Mechanistic insights into the differential efficacy of daptomycin plus β-lactam combinations against daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(9):1531–1539. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiaa319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakoulas G, Rose W, Nonejuie P, et al. Ceftaroline restores daptomycin activity against daptomycin-nonsusceptible vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(3):1494–1500. DOI:10.1128/AAC.02274-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang YC, Tseng TC, Wang JT, et al. Influence of daptomycin dose and fosfomycin susceptibility on outcome of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infections treated with daptomycin and fosfomycin combination. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2022;77(5):1436–1443. DOI:10.1093/jac/dkac023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short vs Long of Usual Treatment for Non Complicated Enterococcal Bacteremia - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 13]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05394298?cond=Enterococcal+Bacteremia&draw=2&rank=1.
   Google Scholar