The needs of staff who care for people with a diagnosis of personality disorder who are considered a risk to others

References

References

• Adshead , G . 1998 . Psychiatric staff as attachment figures . British Journal of Psychiatry , 172 : 64 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adshead , G . 2002 . Three degrees of security: Attachment and forensic institutions . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health (Special Supplement) , 12 : S31 – S45 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aiyegbusi A 2004 Thinking under fire: The challenge for forensic mental health nurses working with women in secure care In N. Jeffcote & T. Watson (Eds.), Working therapeutically with women in secure settings pp. 108–119 London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association 1994 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.), Washington, DC: Author
   Google Scholar
• Angermeyer , MC , Byantugs , L , Kenzine , DV and Matschinger , H . 2004 . Effects of labelling on public attitudes towards people with schizophrenia: Are there cultural differences? . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 109 : 420 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angermeyer , MC and Matschinger , H . 2003 . The stigma of mental illness: Effects of labelling on public attitudes towards people with mental disorder . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 108 : 304 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard , GW , Robbins , L , Newman , G and Carrera , F . 1984 . A study of violence within a forensic treatment facility . Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , 12 : 339 – 348 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bateman , A and Fonagy , P . 2000 . Effectiveness of psychotherapeutic treatment of personality disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 177 : 138 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berzins , LG and Trestman , RL . 2004 . The development and implementation of dialectical behavior therapy in forensic settings . International Journal of Forensic Mental Health , 3 : 93 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn , R . 2000a . Classification and assessment of personality disorders in mentally disordered offenders: A psychological perspective . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 10 : S8 – S32 .
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn R 2000b Treatment or incapacitation? Implications of research on personality disorders for the management of dangerous offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology 5 1 21
   Google Scholar
• Blumenthal S Lavender T 2002 Violence and mental disorder: A critical aid to the assessment and management of risk London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Borduin , CM , Mann , BJ , Conne , LT and Henggeler , SW . 1995 . Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offenders: Long-term prevention of criminality and violence . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 63 : 569 – 578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrill , C , West , M , Shapiro , D and Rees , A . 2000 . Team working and effectiveness in health care . British Health Care Management , 6 : 364 – 371 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowers L 2002 Dangerous and severe personality disorder: Response and role of the psychiatric team London: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Bowers L McFarlane L Kiyimba F Clark N Alexander J 2000 Factors underlying and maintaining nurses' attitudes to patients with severe personality disorder: Final report to National Forensic Mental Health R&D London: City University
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby J 1988 The role of attachment in personality development In A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory, London: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Bridger , H . 1946 . The Northfield experiment . Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic , 10 : 71 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan , CA . 1993 . Nursing staff and patient perceptions of the ward atmosphere in a maximum security forensic hospital . Archives of General Nursing , 7 : 23 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Carson , J , Leary , J , De Villiers , N , Fagin , L and Radmall , J . 1995 . Stress in mental health nurses: Comparison of ward and community staff . British Journal of Nursing , 4 : 579 – 581 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casement P 1991 Forms of interactive communication In P. Casement On learning from the patient, New York: Guilford Press
   Google Scholar
• Castillo H 2003a Dreaming of a better way In Castillo, H. Personality disorder: Temperament or trauma? An account of an emancipatory research study carried out by service users diagnosed with personality disorder pp. 9–16 London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Castillo H 2003b Personality development In Castillo, H. Personality disorder: Temperament or trauma? An account of an emancipatory research study carries out by service users diagnosed with personality disorder pp. 23–26 London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Coid , J . 1992 . DSM-III diagnosis in criminal psychopaths: A way forward . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 2 : 78 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Commission for Health Improvement 2004 National NHS Staff Survey 2004 Retrieved from http://www.chai.org.uk 26/4/05
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , A , Harper , D and Kinderman , P . 2001 . Reform of the Mental Health Act: Implications for clinical psychologists . Clinical Psychology , 1 : 48 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Copas , JB , O'Brien , MO , Roberts , J and Whiteley , JS . 1984 . Treatment outcome in personality disorder: The effect of social, psychological and behavioural variables . Personality and Individual Differences , 5 : 565 – 573 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox M 1996 A supervisor's view In C. Cordess & M Cox (Eds.), Forensic psychotherapy: Crime, psychodynamics and the offender patient, Part II mainly practice pp 199–228 London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Cox , SM , Davidson , WS and Bynum , TS . 1995 . A meta-analytic assessment of delinquency-related outcomes of alternative education programs . Crime and Delinquency , 41 : 219 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critical Psychiatry Network 1999 Response to the government discussion paper “Managing dangerous people with severe personality disorder – proposals for development” Retrieved from http://www.criticalpsychiatry.co.uk 6/7/04
   Google Scholar
• Davies R 1996 The inter-disciplinary network and the internal world of the offender In C. Cordess & M. Cox (Eds.), Forensic psychotherapy: Crime, psychodynamics and the offender patient, Part II mainly practice pp 133–144 London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Davis , S . 1991 . Violence by psychiatric inpatients: A review . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 42 : 585 – 590 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Zulueta F 1996 Theories of aggression and violence In C. Cordess & M. Cox (Eds.), Forensic psychotherapy: Crime, psychodynamics and the offender patient, Part I mainly theory pp 175–186 London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health 2002 Draft Mental Health Bill 2002 Crown copyright
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health 2004a Draft Mental Health Bill 2004 Crown copyright
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health 2004b Improving mental health law – Towards a new Mental Health Act Crown copyright
   Google Scholar
• Evershed , S , Tennant , A , Boomer , D , Rees , A , Barkham , M and Watson , A . 2004 . Practice-based outcomes of dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) targeting anger and violence with male forensic patients: A pragmatic and contemporaneous comparison . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 13 : 198 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck HJ 1998 Personality and crime In T. Millon, E. Simonsen, M. Birket-Smith, & R. D. Davis (Eds.), Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal and violent behavior pp 40–49 New York: Guilford Press
   Google Scholar
• Fagin , L , Brown , D , Bartlett , H , Leary , J and Carson , J . 1995 . The Claybury community psychiatric stress study: Is it more stressful to work in hospital or the community? . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 22 : 347 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallon P Bluglass R Edwards B Daniels G 1999 Report of the committee of inquiry into the Personality Disorder Unit, Ashworth Special Hospital London, UK: HMSO
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy P Target M Steele M Steele H 1997 The development of violence and crime as it relates to security of attachment In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Children in a violent society pp 150–177 New York: Guilford Press
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , DP and Hillier , VF . 1979 . A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire . Psychological Medicine , 9 : 139 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood PW Model KE Rydell CP Chiesa J 1994 Diverting children from a life of crime: Measuring costs and benefits Santa Monica, CA: RAND
   Google Scholar
• Grubin D Duggan C 1998 Report of the Network on Staff Support and Interventions. High security psychiatric services commissioning board personality disorder networks London, UK: Department of Health
   Google Scholar
• Hayne , YM . 2003 . Experiencing psychiatric diagnosis: Client perspectives on being named mentally ill . Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing , 10 : 722 – 729 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henggeler , SW , Cunningham , PB , Pickrel , SG , Schoenwald , SK and Brondino , NJ . 1996 . Multisystemic therapy: An effective violence prevention approach to serious juvenile offenders . Journal of Adolescence , 19 : 47 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshelwood , R . 1993 . Locked in role: A psychotherapist within the social defence system of a prison . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 4 : 427 – 440 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinshelwood , R . 2002 . Abusive help – helping abuse: The psychodynamic impact of severe personality disorder on caring institutions . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 12 : S20 – S30 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacques , E . 1953 . On the dynamics of social structure . Human Relations , 6 : 3 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques E 1955 Social systems as a defence against persecutory and depressive anxiety In M. Klein, P. Heimann, & R. E. Money-Kyrle (Eds.), New directions in psycho-analysis: The significance of infant conflict in the pattern of adult behaviour pp 478–498 London: Tavistock Publications Limited
   Google Scholar
• James , D . 1990 . An increase in violence on an acute psychiatric ward: A study of associated factors . British Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 846 – 852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones L 1997 Developing models for managing treatment integrity and efficacy in a prison-based TC: The Max Glatt Centre In E. Cullen, L. Jones, & R. Woodward (Eds.), Therapeutic communities for offenders pp 121–160 Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons
   Google Scholar
• Katz , P and Kirkland , FS . 1990 . Violence and social structure on mental hospital wards . Psychiatry , 53 : 262 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell , RE . 2002 . The distinction between personality disorder and mental illness . British Journal of Psychiatry , 180 : 110 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby , SD and Pollock , PH . 1995 . The relationship between a medium secure environment and occupational stress in forensic psychiatric nurses . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 22 : 862 – 867 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koerner , K , Kohlenberg , RJ and Parker , CR . 1996 . Diagnosis of personality disorder: A radical behavioral alternative . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 1169 – 1176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz , A . 2002a . What works for delinquency: A review of studies of interventions for young offenders . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 13 : 671 – 692 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz , A . 2002b . A psychoanalytic view of two forensic mental health services . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 12 : S68 – S80 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laurance J 2002 Pure madness: How fear drives the mental health system Lecture delivered at the Faculty of Public Health Medicine Annual Scientific Conference September 2002
   Google Scholar
• Lavender , A . 2002 . Developing services for people with dangerous and severe personality disorders . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 12 : S46 – S53 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lees J Manning N Rawlings B 1999 Therapeutic community effectiveness: A systematic international review of therapeutic community treatment for people with personality disorders and mentally disordered offenders Nottingham, UK: School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Owen D 1997 From action to thought: Supervising mental health workers with forensic patients In B. Martindale, M. Morner, M. E. C. Rodriguez, & J. P. Vidit (Eds.), Supervision and its vicissitudes pp 87–153 London: Karnac
   Google Scholar
• Maslach C Jackson SE Leiter MP 1997 Maslach Burnout Inventory: Third edition In R. J. Wood & C. P. Zalaquett (Eds.), Evaluating stress: A book of resources pp 191–218 Lanham, US: Scarecrow Press, Inc
   Google Scholar
• McGuire J Priestley P 1995 What works: Past, present and future In J. McGuire (Ed.), What works: Reducing reoffending – Guidelines for research and practice, Chichester, UK: Wiley
   Google Scholar
• McMurran , M , Fyffe , S , McCarthy , L , Duggan , C and Latham , A . 2001 . Stop and think’: Social problem-solving therapy with personality disordered offenders . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 11 : 273 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Menzies Lyth , I . 1960 . Social systems as a defense against anxiety: An empirical study of the nursing service of a general hospital . Human Relations , 13 : 95 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos R 1974 Ward atmosphere scale manual Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists' Press
   Google Scholar
• Moran P 1999 Antisocial personality disorder: An epidemiological perspective London, UK: Gaskell
   Google Scholar
• Morris , M . 2002 . Managing the unmanageable: Psychotherapy in Grendon Prison . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 12 : S54 – S67 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrison , EF . 1994 . The evolution of a concept: Aggression and violence in psychiatric settings . Archives of General Nursing , 8 : 245 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Moylan D Jureidini J 1994 Pain tolerable and intolerable: Consultations to two staff groups who work in the face of potentially fatal illness In A. Erskine & D. Judd (Eds.), The imaginative body pp 222–240 London: Whurr Publishers Ltd
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Mental Health in England 2003 Personality disorder: No longer a diagnosis of exclusion Retrieved from http://www.nimhe.org.uk 20/2/03
   Google Scholar
• Onyett , S , Pillinger , T and &Muijen , M . 1997 . Job satisfaction and burnout among members of community mental health teams . Journal of Mental Health , 6 : 55 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , JC , Banon , E and Ianni , F . 1999 . Effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 1312 – 1321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , WH and Gacono , C . 2000 . Treatment of antisocial personality, psychopathy, and other characterologic antisocial syndromes . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 18 : 647 – 662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , S and Tyrer , P . 2001 . Treatment of personality disorders . Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 14 : 555 – 558 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter M Giller H Hagell A 1998 The role of individual features In M. Rutter, H. Giller, & A. Hagell (Eds.), Antisocial behavior by young people, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Ryle , A . 2004 . The contribution of cognitive analytic therapy to the treatment of borderline personality disorder . Journal of Personality Disorders , 18 : 3 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salekin , RT . 2002 . Psychopathy and therapeutic pessimism: Clinical lore or clinical reality? . Clinical Psychology Review , 22 : 79 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanislow , CA and McGlashan , TH . 1998 . Treatment outcome of personality disorders . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 43 : 237 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton , L . 1999 . Vicarious traumatisation of counsellors and effects on their workplaces . British Journal of Guidance and Counselling , 27 : 393 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steed LG Downing R 1998 A phenomological study of vicarious traumatisation amongst psychologists and professional counsellors working in the field of sexual abuse/assault Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies 2 2 No page numbers on internet copy
   Google Scholar
• Stokes J 1994 The unconscious at work in groups and teams: Contributions of the work of Wilfred Bion In A. Obholzer & V. Zagier Roberts (Eds.), The unconscious at work: Individual and organizational stress in the human services pp 19–27 London: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , P . 2002 . The institutionalization of a concept . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 12 : S5 – S11 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Temple N 1996 Transference and countertransference: General and forensic aspects In C. Cordess & M. Cox (Eds.), Forensic psychotherapy: Crime, psychodynamics and the offender patient, Part I: mainly theory pp 23–29 London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Tumin S 1996 A legal perspective In C. Cordess & M. Cox (Eds.), Forensic psychotherapy: Crime, psychodynamics and the offender patient, Part II: mainly practice pp 15–17 London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Watson T Bragg A Jeffcote N 2004 Working together: Integrated multidisciplinary practice with women In N. Jeffcote & T. Watson (Eds.), Working therapeutically with women in secure mental health settings pp 91–107 London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers
   Google Scholar
• West , MA and Poulton , BC . 1997 . A failure of function: Teamwork in primary health care . Journal of Interprofessional Care , 11 : 205 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Widiger TA Trull TJ 1994 Personality disorders and violence In J. Monahan & H. J. Steadman (Eds.), Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
   Google Scholar
• Winnicott , DW . 1949 . Hate in the countertransference . International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , 30 : 69 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization 1992 ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines London, UK: Churchill, Livingstone
   Google Scholar