Characterization of metabolic syndrome among forensic psychiatric inpatients

References

• Alberti , K. G. and Zimmet , P. Z. 1998 . Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus: Provisional report of a WHO consultation . Diabetic Medicine , 15 : 539 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , D. B. and Casey , D. E. 2001 . Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: Areview of the literature . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 ( Suppl. 7 ) : 22 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, and North American Association for the Study of Obesity . 2004 . Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 65 : 267 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . DSM–IV: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : APA .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1997 . Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 ( Suppl. ) : 1 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Armitage , P. and Berry , G. 1994 . Statistical methods in medical research , 3rded. , Berlin : Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH .
   Google Scholar
• Atmaca , M. , Kuloglu , M. , Tezcan , E. and Ustundag , B. 2003 . Serum leptin and triglyceride levels in patients on treatment with atypical antipsychotics . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 64 : 598 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck-Nielsen , H. and & the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) . 1999 . General characteristics of the insulin resistance syndrome: Prevalence and heritability . Drugs , 58 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 7 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Budzynski , J. , Klopocka , M. , Swiatkowksi , M. , Pulkowski , G. and Ziolkowski , M. 2003 . Lipoprotein in alcohol-dependent male patients during a six–month abstinence period . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 38 : 157 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Bustillo , J. R. , Buchanan , R. W. , Irish , D. and Breier , A. 1996 . Differential effect of clozapine on weight: A controlled study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 817 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti , N. , Sinha , V. K. and Sinha , B. N.P. 2004 . A study of lipid profile and apolipoproteins A1 and B: Their relationship to aggression and psychopathology in male patients with psychosis . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology , 15 : 314 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czobor , P. , Volavka , J. , Sheitman , B. , Lindenmayer , J. P. , Citrome , L. McEvoy , J. 2002 . Antipsychotic-induced weight gain and therapeutic response: A differential association . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 22 : 244 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dursun , S. M. , Szemis , A. , Andrews , H. and Reweley , M. A. 1999 . The effects of clozapine on levels of total cholesterol and related lipids in serum of patients with schizophrenia: A prospective study . Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , 5 : 453 – 455 .
   Google Scholar
• Dynes , J. B. 1969 . Diabetes in schizophrenia and diabetes in non-psychotic medical patients . Diseases of the Nervous System , 30 : 341 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) . 2001 . Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) . Journal of American Medical Association , 285 : 2486 – 2497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felker , B. , Yazel , J. J. and Short , D. 1996 . Mortality and medical co-morbidity among psychiatric patients: A review . Psychiatric Services , 47 : 1356 – 1363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , E. S. , Giles , W. H. and Dietz , W. H. 2002 . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey . Journal of American Medical Association , 287 : 356 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald , W. T. , Levi , R. I. and Fredrickson , D. S. 1972 . Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of ultracentrifuge . Clinical Chemistry , 18 : 499 – 502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb , B. A. , Stattin , H. and Mednick , S. 2000 . Low cholesterol and violent crime . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 34 : 301 – 309 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heiskanen , T. , Niskanen , L. , Lyytikäinen , R. , Saarinen , P. and Hintikka , J. 2003 . Metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 64 : 575 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , D. C. 2001 . Clozapine: Diabetes mellitus, weight gain, andlipid abnormalities . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 ( Suppl. 23 ) : 39 – 44 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howard , B. V. , Rodriguez , B. L. , Bennett , P. H. , Harris , M. I. , Hamman , R. Kuller , L. H. 2002 . Prevention conference VI: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Writing group I: Epidemiology . Circulation , 105 : 132 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , G. , Qing , Q. and Tuomilehto , J. 2004 . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women . Archives of Internal Medicine , 164 : 1066 – 1076 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilanne-Parikka , P. , Eriksson , J. G. , Lindström , J. , Hämäläinen , H. , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi , S. Laakso , M. 2004 . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components: Findings from a Finnish general population sample and the Diabetes Prevention Study cohort . Diabetes Care , 27 : 2135 – 2140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isomaa , B. , Almgren , P. , Tuomi , T. , Forsen , B. , Lahti , K. Nissen , M. 2001 . Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome . Diabetes Care , 24 : 683 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane , J. M. 1996 . Drug therapy: Schizophrenia . New England Journal of Medicine , 334 : 34 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopf , D. , Westphal , S. , Luley , C. W. , Ritter , S. , Gilles , M. Weber-Hamann , B. 2004 . Lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in depressed patients: Significance of weight, hypercortisolism, and antidepressant treatment . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 24 : 527 – 531 .
   Google Scholar
• Laaksonen , D. E. , Lakka , H. M. , Niskanen , L. K. , Kaplan , G. A. , Salonen , J. T. and Lakka , T. A. 2002a . Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: Application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study . American Journal of Epidemiology , 156 : 1070 – 1077 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laaksonen , D. E. , Lakka , H. M. , Salonen , J. T. , Niskanen , L. K. , Rauramaa , R. and Lakka , T. A. 2002b . Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome . Diabetes Care , 25 : 1612 – 1618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakka , H. M. , Laaksonen , D. E. , Lakka , T. A. , Niskanen , L. K. , Kumpusalo , E. , Tuomilehto , J. and Salonen , J. T. 2002 . The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 2709 – 2716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberti , J. S. , Olson , D. , Crilly , J. F. , Olivares , T. , Williams , G. C. Tu , X. 2006 . Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients receiving clozapine . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 1273 – 1276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lara , N. , Baker , G. B. , Archer , S. L. and Le Medello , J. M. 2003 . Increased cholesterol levels during paroxetine administration in healthy men . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 64 : 1455 – 1459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leadbetter , R. , Shutty , M. , Pavalonis , D. , Vieweg , V. , Higgins , P. and Downs , M. 1992 . Clozapine-induced weight gain: Prevalence and clinical relevance . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 68 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenmayer , J. , Czobor , P. , Volavka , J. , Citrome , L. , Sheitman , B. McEvoy , J. P. 2003 . Changes in glucose and cholesterol levels in patients with typical or atypical antipsychotics . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 290 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackin , P. , Watkinson , H. M. and Young , A. H. 2005 . Prevalence of obesity, glucose homeostasis disorders and metabolic syndrome in psychiatric patients taking typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs: A cross-sectional study . Diabetologia , 48 : 215 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee , H. A. , D'arcy , P. F. and Wilson , P. J.K. 1986 . Diabetes and schizophrenia: A preliminary study . Journal of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy , 11 : 297 – 299 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melkersson , K. I. and Hulting , A. -L. 2001 . Insulin and leptin levels in patientswith schizophrenia or related psychoses: A comparison betweendifferent antipsychotic agents . Psychopharmacology (Berlin) , 154 : 205 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melkersson , K. I. and Dahl , M. L. 2003 . Relationship between levelsofinsulin or triglycerides and serum concentration of the atypicalantipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine in patients on treatment with therapeutic doses . Psychopharmacology , 170 : 157 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer , H. Y. , Perry , E. and Jayathilake , K. 2002 . Clozapine-induced weight gain predicts improvement in psychopathology . Schizophrenia Research , 59 : 19 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Mufti , R. M. , Balon , R. and Arfken , C. L. 1998 . Low cholesterol and violence . Psychiatric Services , 49 : 221 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee , S. , Decina , P. , Bocola , V. , Saraceni , F. and Scapicchio , P. L. 1996 . Diabetes mellitus in schizophrenic patients . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 37 : 68 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasrallah , H. A. 2006 . Metabolic findings from the CATIE trial and their relation to tolerability . CNS Spectrums , 11 ( Suppl. 7 ) : 32 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Newcomer , J. W. 2005 . Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: A comprehensive literature review . CNS Drugs , 19 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 1 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomer , J. W. 2007 . Metabolic considerations in the use of antipsychotic medications: A review of recent evidence . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 68 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 20 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomer , J. W. , Haupt , D. W. , Fucetola , R. , Melson , A. K. , Scweiger , J. A. , Cooper , B. P. and Selke , G. 2002 . Abnormalities in glucose regulation during antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry , 59 : 337 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olfson , M. , Marcus , S. C. , Corey-Lisle , P. , Tuomari , A. V. , Hines , P. and L'Italien , G. 2006 . Hyperlipidemia following treatment with antipsychotic medications . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 1821 – 1825 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paavola , P. , Repo-Tiihonen , E. and Tiihonen , J. 2002 . Serum lipid levels and violence among Finnish male forensic psychiatric patients . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 13 : 555 – 568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyörälä , M. , Miettinen , H. , Halonen , P. , Laakso , M. and Pyörälä , K. 2000 . Insulin resistance syndrome predicts the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in healthy middle-aged men: The 22-year follow-up results of Helsinki Policemen Study . Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology , 20 : 538 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven , G. M. 1988 . Banting lecture 1988: Role of insulin resistance in human disease . Diabetes , 37 : 1595 – 1607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repo-Tiihonen , E. , Halonen , P. , Tiihonen , J. and Virkkunen , M. 2002 . Total serum cholesterol level, violent criminal offences, suicidal behavior, mortality and the appearance of conduct disorder in Finnish male criminal offenders with antisocial personality disorder . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 252 : 8 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , M. C. M. , Collins , P. and Thakore , J. H. 2003 . Impaired fasting glucose tolerance in first-episode, drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 : 284 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saari , K. M. , Lindeman , S. M. , Viilo , K. M. , Isohanni , M. K. , Järvelin , M. R. Lauren , L. H. 2005 . A 4-fold risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study’ . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 66 : 559 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosiaali- ja terveysalan tutkimus- ja kehittämiskeskus . 1997 . Tautiluokitus ICD-10 [Finnish version of the International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision] , 2nd ed. , Rauma, , Finland : Kirjapaino Oy West Point .
   Google Scholar
• Spivak , B. , Lamschtein , C. , Talmon , Y. , Guy , N. , Mester , R. Feinberg , I. 1999 . The impact of clozapine treatment on serum lipids in chronic schizophrenic patients . Clinical Neuropharmacology , 22 : 98 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sussman , N. 2001 . Review of atypical antipsychotics and weight gain . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 ( Suppl. 23 ) : 5 – 12 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Umbricht , D. S. , Pollack , S. and Kane , J. M. 1994 . Clozapine and weight gain . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 55 ( Suppl. B ) : 157 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhala , M. J. , Kumpusalo , E. A. , Pitkäjärvi , T. K. and Takala , J. K. 1997 . Metabolic syndrome in a middle-aged Finnish population . Journal of Cardiovascular Risk , 4 : 291 – 295 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wirshing , D. A. , Boyd , J. A. , Meng , L. R. , Ballon , J. S. , Marder , S. R. and Wirshing , W. C. 2002 . The effect of novel antipsychotics on glucose and lipid levels . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 63 : 856 – 865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , S. W. 2003 . Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 64 : 663 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, Department on Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance . 1999 . “ Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of a WHO consultation ” . Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar