Analysis of cognitive inhibition and flexibility in juvenile delinquentsFootnote

The research was conducted at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL).

References

• Anderson, V.A., Morse, S.A., Catroppa, C., Haritou, F., & Rosenfeld, J.V. (2004). Thirty month outcome from early childhood head injury: A prospective analysis of neurobehavioural recovery. Brain, 127, 2608–2620. doi:10.1093/brain/awh32010.1093/brain/awh320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appellof, E.S. (1985). Prefrontal functions in juvenile delinquents ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Syracuse University, NY. Retrieved from http://surface.syr.edu/psy_etd/112
   Google Scholar
• Barkley, R.A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.6510.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, S., Farrington, D.P., & Huesmann, L.R. (2005). Explaining gender differences in crime and violence: The importance of social cognitive skills. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 263–288. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2004.07.00110.1016/j.avb.2004.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brickman, A.S., McManus, M., Grapentine, W., & Alessi, N. (1984). Neuropsychological assessment of seriously delinquent adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 453–457. doi:10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60324-110.1016/S0002-7138(09)60324-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bull, R., Johnston, R.S., & Roy, J.A. (1999). Exploring the roles of the visual‐spatial sketch pad and central executive in children’s arithmetical skills: Views from cognition and developmental neuropsychology. Developmental Neuropsychology, 15, 421–442. doi:10.1080/8756564990954075910.1080/87565649909540759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess, P.W. (1997). Theory and methodology in executive function research. In P. Rabbitt (Ed.), Methodology of frontal and executive function (pp. 81–116). London: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, A., Hemingway, F., Bower, J., Ashman, A., Houghton, S., & Durkin, K. (2006). Impulsivity in juvenile delinquency: Differences among early-onset, late-onset, and non-offenders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 517–527. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-006-9053-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, M.A. (1998). The monetary value of saving a high-risk youth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, 5–33. doi:10.1023/A:102309232445910.1023/A:1023092324459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colzato, L.S., Huizinga, M., & Hommel, B. (2009). Recreational cocaine polydrug use impairs cognitive flexibility but not working memory. Psychopharmacology, 207, 225–234. doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1650-010.1007/s00213-009-1650-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corso, P.S., Mercy, J.A., Simon, T.R., Finkelstein, E.A., & Miller, T.R. (2007). Medical costs and productivity losses due to interpersonal and self-directed violence in the United States. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, 474–482.e2. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.01010.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, M.C., Amso, D., Anderson, L.C., & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2037–2078. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.00610.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deák, G.O. (2004). The development of cognitive flexibility and language abilities. Advances in Child Development and Behaviour, 31, 271–327. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2004.05.00210.1016/S0065-2407(03)31007-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempster, F.N., & Corkill, A.J. (1999). Interference and inhibition in cognition and behaviour: Unifying themes for educational psychology. Educational Psychology Review, 11(1), 1–88. doi:10.1023/A:102199263216810.1023/A:1021992632168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap, W.P. (1999). A program to compute McGraw and Wong’s common language effect size indicator. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 706–709. doi:10.3758/BF03200750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elgar, F.J., Knight, J., Worrall, G.J., & Sherman, G. (2003). Behavioural and substance use problems in rural and urban delinquent youths. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 633–636. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, D.S., Huizinga, D., & Menard, S.W. (1989). Multiple problem youth: Delinquency, substance use, and mental health problems. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.10.1007/978-1-4613-9637-6
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, D.P. (1998). Predictors, causes, and correlates of male youth violence. Crime and Justice, 24, 421–475. Retrieved from http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cjrr24&div=1&id=&page=10.1086/449284
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, D.P., Jolliffe, D., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Kalb, L.M. (2001). The concentration of offenders in families, and family criminality in the prediction of boys’ delinquency. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 579–596. doi:10.1006/jado.2001.042410.1006/jado.2001.0424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, D.P., & Loeber, R. (2000). Epidemiology of juvenile violence. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9, 733–748. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11005003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgieff, M.K. (2007). Nutrition and the developing brain: Nutrient priorities and measurement. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85, 614S–620S. Retrieved from http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/2/614S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giancola, P.R., Mezzich, A.C., & Tarter, R.E. (1998). Executive cognitive functioning, temperament, and antisocial behavior in conduct-disordered adolescent females. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 629–641. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.4.62910.1037/0021-843X.107.4.629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godefroy, O. (2003). Frontal syndrome and disorders of executive functions. Journal of Neurology, 250(1), 1–6. doi:10.1007/s00415-003-0918-210.1007/s00415-003-0918-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden, C.J. (1978). Stroop color and word test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Chicago, IL: Stoelting.
   Google Scholar
• Golden, C.J., Jackson, M.L., Peterson-Rohne, A., & Gontkovsky, S.T. (1996). Neuropsychological correlates of violence and aggression: A review of the clinical literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1, 3–25. doi:10.1016/1359-1789(95)00002-X10.1016/1359-1789(95)00002-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henik, A., & Carr, T.H. (2003). Inhibition. In V.S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the human brain (Vol. 2, pp. 571–585). Boston, MA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschfield, P. (2004). Impact of juvenile justice involvement on educational outcomes ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/206047.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Huizinga, D., & Jakob-Chien, C. (1998). Contemporaneous co-occurrence of serious and violent juvenile offending and other problem behaviours. In R. Loeber & D.P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 47–67). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jarjoura, G.R. (1993). Does dropping out of school enhance delinquent involvement? Results from a large-scale national probability sample. Criminology, 31, 149–172. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01126.x10.1111/crim.1993.31.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel, E., & Freed, D. (1989). Frontal-lobe dysfunction and antisocial behavior: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 404–413. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198905)45:3<404::AID-JCLP2270450309>3.0.CO;2-G10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsiyannis, A., Ryan, J.B., Zhang, D., & Spann, A. (2008). Juvenile delinquency and recidivism: The impact of academic achievement. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 24, 177–196. doi:10.1080/10573560701808460
   Google Scholar
• Koolhof, R., Loeber, R., Wei, E.H., Pardini, D., & D’Escury, A.C. (2007). Inhibition deficits of serious delinquent boys of low intelligence. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 17, 274–292. doi:10.1002/cbm.66110.1002/(ISSN)1471-2857
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lapierre, D., Braun, C.M.J., & Hodgins, S. (1995). Ventral frontal deficits in psychopathy: Neuropsychological test findings. Neuropsychologia, 33, 139–151. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)00110-B10.1016/0028-3932(94)00110-B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, H.S., Hanten, G., Zhang, L., Swank, P.R., & Hunter, J. (2004). Selective impairment of inhibition after TBI in children. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 589–597. doi:10.1080/1380339040960978310.1080/13803390409609783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, D.O., Shanok, S.S., & Balla, D.A. (1979). Perinatal difficulties, head and face trauma, and child abuse in the medical histories of seriously delinquent children. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 419. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1979-26273-001
   Google Scholar
• Loeber, R. (1982). The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behavior: A review. Child Development, 53, 1431–1446. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1982.tb03465.x10.2307/1130070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lueger, R.J., & Gill, K.J. (1990). Frontal-lobe cognitive dysfunction in conduct disorder adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 696–706. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199011)46:6<696::AID-JCLP2270460602>3.0.CO;2-#
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luria, A.R. (1973). The working brain: An introduction to neuropsychology. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod, C.M., & MacDonald, P.A. (2000). Interdimensional interference in the Stroop effect: Uncovering the cognitive and neural anatomy of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 383–391. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01530-810.1016/S1364-6613(00)01530-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguin, E., & Loeber, R. (1996). Academic performance and delinquency. Crime and Justice, 20, 145–264. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/114764510.1086/449243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManus, M., Brickman, A., Alessi, N.E., & Grapentine, W.L. (1985). Neurological dysfunction in serious delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 481–486. doi:10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60568-910.1016/S0002-7138(09)60568-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mesulam, M.M. (2002). The human frontal lobes: Transcending the default mode through contingent encoding. In D.T. Stuss & J. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 8–30). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Miller, L. (1988). Neuropsychological perspectives on delinquency. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 6, 409–428. doi:10.1002/bsl.2370060309
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T.E. (1990). The neuropsychology of juvenile delinquency: A critical review. In N.M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice (Vol. 12, pp. 99–169). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T.E., & Silva, P.A. (1988). Neuropsychological deficit and self-reported delinquency in an unselected birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 233–240. doi:10.1097/00004583-198803000-0001710.1097/00004583-198803000-00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, A.B., & Lilienfeld, S.O. (2000). A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 113–136. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00096-810.1016/S0272-7358(98)00096-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muth, K.D. (1991). Effects of cuing on middle-school students’ performance on arithmetic word problems containing extraneous information. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 173. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.83.1.17310.1037/0022-0663.83.1.173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olvera, R.L., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Pliszka, S.R., & O’Donnell, L. (2005). Neuropsychological deficits in adolescents with conduct disorder and comorbid bipolar disorder: A pilot study. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 57–67. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00167.x10.1111/bdi.2005.7.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrott, A.C. (2000). Human research on MDMA (3,4-Methylene- dioxymethamphetamine) neurotoxicity: Cognitive and behavioural indices of change. Neuropsychobiology, 42, 17–24. doi:10.1159/00002666610.1159/000026666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passler, M.A., Isaac, W., & Hynd, G.W. (1985). Neuropsychological development of behaviour attributed to frontal lobe functioning in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 1, 349–370. doi:10.1080/87565648509540320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prichard, J., & Payne, J. (2005). Key findings from the drug use careers of juvenile offenders study. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 304, 1–6. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=233555
   Google Scholar
• Puzzanchera, C. (2009). Juvenile arrests 2007 (OJJDP Publication No. NCJ 225344). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Ramírez, C., García, A., & Valdez, P. (2012). Identification of circadian rhythms in cognitive inhibition and flexibility using a Stroop task. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 10, 136–144. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2012.00540.x10.1111/sbr.2012.10.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasquin, S.M.C., Verhey, F.R.J., Lousberg, R., Winkens, I., & Lodder, J. (2002). Vascular cognitive disorders: Memory, mental speed and cognitive flexibility after stroke. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 203–204, 115–119. doi:10.1016/S0022-510X(02)00264-210.1016/S0022-510X(02)00264-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R.D., & Robbins, T.W. (2001). Investigating the neurocognitive deficits associated with chronic drug misuse. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11, 250–257. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00204-X10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00204-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösler, M., Retz, W., Retz-Junginger, P., Hengesch, G., Schneider, M., & Supprian, T. (2004). Prevalence of attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disorders in young male prison inmates. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254, 365–371. doi:10.1007/s00406-004-0516-z10.1007/s00406-004-0516-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, A., Daneluzzo, E., Mattei, P., Bustini, M., Casacchia, M., & Stratta, P. (1997). Wisconsin card sorting test and Stroop test performances in Schizophrenia: A shared construct. Neuroscience Letters, 226, 87–90. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00253-X10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00253-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rougier, N.P., Noelle, D.C., Braver, T.S., Cohen, J.D., & O’Reilly, R.C. (2005). Prefrontal cortex and flexible cognitive control: Rules without symbols. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 7338–7343. doi:10.1073/pnas.050245510210.1073/pnas.0502455102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumberger, R.W. (1995). Dropping out of middle school: A multilevel analysis of students and schools. American Educational Research Journal, 32, 583–625. doi:10.3102/0002831203200358310.3102/00028312032003583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberberg, N.E., & Silberberg, M.C. (1971). School achievement and delinquency. Review of Educational Research, 41, 17–33. doi:10.3102/0034654304100101710.3102/00346543041001017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit, P., & Harrendorf, S. (2010). Responses of the criminal justice system. In S. Harrendorf, M. Heiskanen, & S. Malby (Eds.), International statistics on crime and criminal justice (pp. 87–112). Helsinki: Heuni, UNODOC.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, H.N. (2006). Juvenile arrests 2004 (OJJDP Publication No. NCJ 214563). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Stroop, J.R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662. doi:10.1037/h005465110.1037/h0054651
   Google Scholar
• Stuss, D.T., & Benson, D.F. (1984). Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 3–28. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.310.1037/0033-2909.95.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syngelaki, E.M., Moore, S.C., Savage, J.C., Fairchild, G., & Van Goozen, S.H.M. (2009). Executive functioning and risky decision making in young male offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 1213–1227. doi:10.1177/009385480934309510.1177/0093854809343095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, R.B. (1995). The impact of crime on communities. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539, 28–45. doi:10.1177/000271629553900100310.1177/0002716295539001003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teichner, G., & Golden, C.J. (2000). The relationship of neuropsychological impairment to conduct disorder in adolescence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, 509–528. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00035-410.1016/S1359-1789(98)00035-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teplin, L.A., Abram, K.M., McClelland, G.M., Mericle, A.A., Dulcan, M.K., & Washburn, J.J. (2002). Psychiatric disorders of youth in detention (OJJDP Publication No. NCJ 210331). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Timmons-Mitchell, J., Brown, C., Schulz, S.C., Webster, S.E., Underwood, L.A., & Semple, W.E. (1997). Comparing the mental health needs of female and male incarcerated juvenile delinquents. Behavioural Sciences & the Law, 15, 195–202. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199721)15:2<195::AID-BSL269>3.0.CO;2-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranel, D. (2002). Emotion, decision making, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. In D.T. Stuss & R.T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 338–353). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Valdez, P. (2005). Ritmos circadianos en los procesos atencionales del ser humano [Circadian Rhythms on human attentional processes] ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey. Retrieved from http://eprints.uanl.mx/1560/
   Google Scholar
• Valdez, P., Ramírez, C., & García, A. (2012). Circadian rhythms in cognitive performance: Implications for neuropsychological assessment. ChronoPhysiology and Therapy, 2, 81–92. doi:10.2147/CPT.S3258610.2147/CPT
   Google Scholar
• van der Plas, E.A.A., Crone, E.A., van den Wildenberg, W.P.M., Tranel, D., & Bechara, A. (2009). Executive control deficits in substance-dependent individuals: A comparison of alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine and of men and women. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31, 706–719. doi:10.1080/1380339080248479710.1080/13803390802484797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Geusau, N.A., Stalenhoef, P., Huizinga, M., Snel, J., & Ridderinkhof, K.R. (2004). Impaired executive function in male MDMA (“ecstasy”) users. Psychopharmacology, 175, 331–341. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1832-810.1007/s00213-004-1832-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, J.L., Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., Bartusch, D.J., Needles, D.J., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1994). Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 192–205. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.2.19210.1037/0021-843X.103.2.192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, P.H., Waber, D., Bauermeister, M., Cohen, C., & Ferber, R. (1982). The neuropsychological status of adolescent delinquent boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23, 267–279. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1982.tb00072.x10.1111/jcpp.1982.23.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Yacoubian, G.S., Jr., Wish, E.D., Choyka, J.D., Boyle, C.L., Harding, C.A., & Loftus, E.A. (2004). Examining the prevalence and perceived harm of ecstasy and other drug use among juvenile offenders. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 3, 95–105. doi:10.1300/J233v03n02_0610.1300/J233v03n02_06
   Google Scholar
• Yeudall, L.T., Fromm-Auch, D., & Davies, P. (1982). Neuropsychological impairment of persistent delinquency. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170, 257–265. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7069411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar