Gender differences vs gender bias in forensic psychiatric assessment of non-psychotic mentally disturbed violent defendants in Denmark

References

• Ainsley, J. N. (2000). Some mysterious agency: Women, violent crime, and the insanity acquittal in the Victorian courtroom. Canadian Journal of History, 35(1), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjh.35.1.37
   Google Scholar
• Allen, H. (1987). Rendering them harmless: The professional portrayal of woman charged with serious violent crimes. In P. Carlen & A. Worrall (Eds.), Gender, crime and justice (pp. 208). Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bonta, J., Pang, B., & Wallace-Capretta, S. (1995). Predictors of recidivism among incarcerated female offenders. The Prison Journal, 75(3), 277–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032855595075003002
   Google Scholar
• Crocker, A. G., Favreau, O. E., & Caulet, M. (2002). Gender and fitness to stand trial. A 5-year review of remands in Québec. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 25(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-2527(01)00089-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Silva, K., Duggan, C., & McCarthy, L. (2004). Does treatment really make psychopaths worse? A review of the evidence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(2), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.18.2.163.32775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vogel, V., Stam, J., Bouman, Y. H. A., & Ter Horst, P. (2016). Violent women: A multicentre study into gender differences in forensic psychiatric patients. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 27(2), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1102312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehart, D. D. (2008). Pathways to prison: Impact of victimization in the lives of incarcerated women. Violence Against Women, 14(12), 1362–1381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208327018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flower, S. M. (2010, November). Employment and female offenders: An update of the empirical research. Gender-Responsive Strategies for Women Offenders. https://nicic.gov/employment-and-female-offenders-update-empirical-research
   Google Scholar
• Gottlieb, P., Gabrielsen, G., Korner, A., & Stolan, L. O. (2014). The impact of the Danish Medico-Legal Council on the choice between treatment and punishment for non-psychotic offenders. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 68(3), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2013.797492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfeld, L. A., & Snell, T. L. (2000). Women offenders (Report no. NCJ 175688). Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. A. (1994). Psychopaths: Is a therapeutic community therapeutic? Therapeutic Communities, 15(4), 283–299. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230601549_Psychopaths_Is_a_therapeutic_community_therapeutic
   Google Scholar
• Hollin, C. R., & Palmer, E. J. (2006). Criminogenic need and women offenders: A critique of the literature. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11(2), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532505X57991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebner, B. M., DeJong, C., & Cobbina, J. (2010). Women coming home: Long‐term patterns of recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 27(2), 225–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820902870486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kothari, C. L., Butkiewicz, R., Williams, E. R., Jacobson, C., Morse, D. S., & Cerulli, C. (2014). Does gender matter? Exploring mental health recovery court legal and health outcomes. Health & Justice, 2(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-014-0012-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mannerfelt, C., & Håkansson, A. (2018). Substance use, criminal recidivism, and mortality in criminal justice clients: A comparison between men and women. Journal of Addiction, 2018, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1689637
   Google Scholar
• Menzies, R. J., Chunn, D. E., & Webster, C. D. (1992). Female follies: The forensic psychiatric assessment of women defendants. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 15(2), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2527(92)90013-Q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson, R. A., & Kugler, K. E. (1991). Competent and incompetent criminal defendants: A quantitative review of comparative research. Psychological Bulletin, 109(3), 355–370. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, E. J., Jinks, M., & Hatcher, R. M. (2010). Substance use, mental health, and relationships: A comparison of male and female offenders serving community sentences. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 33(2), 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper Deschenes, E., Owen, B., & Crow, J. (2006). Recidivism among female prisoners: Secondary analysis of the 1994 BJS recidivism data set (Report No. NCJ 216950). National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, S. E. (1998). Competency to stand trial adjudication: A comparison of female and male defendants. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry, 26(2), 223–240. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9664258/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sygel, K., Sturup, J., Fors, U., Edberg, H., Gavazzeni, J., Howner, K., Persson, M., & Kristiansson, M. (2017). The effect of gender on the outcome of forensic psychiatric assessment in Sweden: A case vignette study. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 27(2), 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yourstone, J., Lindholm, T., Grann, M., & Fazel, S. (2009). Gender differences in diagnoses of mentally disordered offenders. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 8(3), 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999010903199316
   Google Scholar
• Yourstone, J., Lindholm, T., Grann, M., & Svenson, O. (2008). Evidence of gender bias in legal insanity evaluations: A case vignette study of clinicians, judges and students. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 62(4), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480801963135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar