522
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Moral injury in secure mental healthcare: part I: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Moral Injury Events Scale

, , &
Pages 708-725 | Received 31 Oct 2021, Accepted 05 Aug 2022, Published online: 09 Aug 2022

References

  • Alavi, M., Visentin, D. C., Thapa, D. K., Hunt, G. E., Watson, R., & Cleary, M. (2020). Chi-Square for model fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(9), 2209–2211. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14399
  • Andrukonis, A., Hall, N. J., & Protopopova, A. (2020). The impact of caring and killing on physiological and psychometric measures of stress in animal shelter employees: A pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249196
  • Bollen, K. A., & Lennox, R. (1991). Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 110(2), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.2.305
  • Boy, Y., & Enҫ, N. (2022). A scale development study for evaluating the dietary behaviors of patients with heart failure. Heart & Lung, 53, 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.01.017
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage.
  • Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Anestis, M. D., Anestis, J. C., Green, B. A., Etienne, N., Morrow, C. E., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2015). Measuring moral injury: Psychometric properties of the Moral Injury Events Scale in two military samples. Assessment, 23(5), 557–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115590855
  • Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
  • Čartolovni, A., Stolt, M., Scott, P., & Suhonen, R. (2021). Moral injury in healthcare professionals: A scoping review and discussion. Nursing Ethics, 28(5), 590–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733020966776
  • Chaplo, S. D., Kerig, P., & Wainryb, C. (2019). Development and validation of the moral injury scales for youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 448–458. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22408
  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
  • Dean, W., Talbot, S., & Dean, A. (2019). Reframing clinician distress: Moral injury not burnout. Federal Practitioner, 36(9), 400–402.
  • Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2013). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
  • Fabrigar, L., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
  • Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 286–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286
  • Fokkema, M., & Greiff, S. (2017). How performing PCA and CFA on the same data equals trouble – overfitting in the assessment of internal structure and some editorial thoughts on it. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 33(6), 399–402. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000460
  • Griffin, B., Purcell, N., Burkman, K., Litz, B., Bryan, C., Schmitz, M., Villierme, C., Walsh, J., & Maguen, S. (2019). Moral injury: An integrative review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 350–362. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22362
  • Haight, W., Sugrue, E. P., & Calhoun, M. (2017). Moral injury among child protection professionals: Implications for the ethical treatment and retention of workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 82, 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.030
  • Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Using omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But …. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
  • Hines, S. E., Chin, K. H., Glick, D. R., & Wickwire, E. M. (2021). Trends in moral injury, distress, and resilience factors among healthcare workers at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020488
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hu, L. T., Bentler, P. M., & Kano, Y. (1992). Can test statistics in covariance structure analysis be trusted? Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.351
  • Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2021). SemTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5-5. https://cran.r-project.org/package=semTools
  • Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2014). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods & Research, 44(3), 486–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114543236
  • Kline, P. (1979). Psychometrics and psychology. Academic Press.
  • Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
  • Maguen, S., Griffin, B. J., Copeland, L. A., Perkins, D. F., Finley, E. P., & Vogt, D. (2020). Gender differences in prevalence and outcomes of exposure to potentially morally injurious events among post-9/11 veterans. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 130, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.020
  • Mantri, S., Lawson, J. M., Wang, Z., & Koenig, H. G. (2020). Identifying moral injury in healthcare professionals: The moral injury symptom Scale-HP. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2323–2340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01065-w
  • Molendijk, T. (2021). Warnings against romanticising moral injury. The British Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.114
  • Morris, D. J., & Webb, E. L. (2021). Understanding multiple inequalities and trauma needs through a gendered lens: The case for inclusive gendered approaches to trauma-informed care. In Revolving Doors Agency (Ed.), The knot: An essay collection on the interconnectedness of poverty, trauma, and multiple disadvantage (pp. 28–38). Revolving Doors Agency.
  • Murray, E., Krahé, C., & Goodsman, D. (2018). Are medical students in prehospital care at risk of moral injury? Emergency Medicine Journal, 35(10), 590–594. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2017-207216
  • Nash, W. P., Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00017
  • Papazoglou, K., Blumberg, D., Briones-Chiongbian, V., Russo, C., & Koskelainen, M. (2019). Exploring the roles of moral injury and personality in police traumatization. Crisis, Stress, and Human Resilience: An International Journal, 1(1), 32–56.
  • Pearson, R. H., & Mundform, D. J. (2010). Recommended sample size for conducting exploratory factor analysis on dichotomous data. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 9(2), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1288584240
  • Plouffe, R., Easterbrook, B., Liu, A., McKinnon, M., Richardson, J., & Nazarov, A. (2021). Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale in two Canadian armed forces samples. Assessment, 107319112110441. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911211044198
  • Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004
  • R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rens van de Schoot, P. L., & Joop, H. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. The European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(4), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.68674
  • Revelle, W. (2018). Psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/psych/index.html
  • Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. É., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029315
  • Richardson, C. B., Chesnut, R. P., Morgan, N. R., Bleser, J. A., Perkins, D. F., Vogt, D., Copeland, L. A., & Finley, E. (2020). Examining the factor structure of the Moral Injury Events Scale in a veteran sample. Military Medicine, 185(1–2), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz129
  • Roberts, A. L., Gilman, S. E., Breslau, J., Breslau, N., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 41(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000401
  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). Laavan: An R package for structural equation modelling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.102
  • Rouqette, A., & Falissard, B. (2011). Sample size requirements for the internal validation of psychiatric scales. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 20(4), 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.352
  • Shi, D., Lee, T., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2018). Understanding the model size effect on SEM fit indices. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79(2), 310–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164418783530
  • Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002
  • West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curren, P. J. (1995). Structural equation modelling with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modelling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Sage.
  • Williamson, V., Murphy, D., Phelps, A., Forbes, D., & Greenberg, N. (2021). Moral injury: The effect on mental health and implications for treatment. The Lancet, 8(6), 453–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00113-9
  • Williamson, V., Stevelink, S. A. M., & Greenberg, N. (2018). Occupational moral injury and mental health: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 212(6), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.55
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counselling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.