Unidirectional multilingual convergence: typological and social factors

References

• Adelaar, W. F. (1990). Aymarismos en el quechua de Puno. Indiana, 11, 223–231. https://doi.org/10.18441/ind.v11i0
   Google Scholar
• Arends, J. (1986). Genesis and development of the equative copula in Sranan. In P. Muysken & N. Smith (Eds.), Substrata versus universals in Creole Genesis (Vol. 1, pp. 103–128). John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Bies, R. d. (1994). Surinaams-Nederlands: Een boeiende variant. Deus Ex Machina, 18(3), 6–12.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomfield, L. (1935). Language (Rev. ed.). Allen & Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Borges, R. (2013). Linguistic archaeology, kinship terms, and language contact in Suriname. Anthropological Linguistics, 55(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2013.0001
   Google Scholar
• Bruyn, A. (1995). Grammaticalization in creoles: The development of determiners and relative clauses in Sranan. University of Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Bruyn, A. (1996). On identifying instances of grammaticalization in Creole languages. In P. Baker & A. Syea (Eds.), Changing meanings, changing functions: Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages (pp. 29–46). University of Westminster Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carlin, E. B., & Arends, J. (2002). Atlas of the languages of Suriname. KITLV Press.
   Google Scholar
• Damsteegt, T. (1988). Sarnami: A living language. In R. K. Barz & J. Siegel (Eds.), Language Transplanted: The Development of Overseas Hindi (pp. 95–119). Otto Harrassowitz.
   Google Scholar
• Damsteegt, T. (2002). Sarnami as an immigrant koiné. In E. B. Carlin & J. Arends (Eds.), Atlas of the languages of Suriname (pp. 249–264). KITLV Press.
   Google Scholar
• DeGraff, M. (2009). Language acquisition in Creolization and, thus, language change: Some cartesian- uniformitarian boundary conditions: Creolization is language change. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3(4), 888–971. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2009.00135.x
   Google Scholar
• Dryer, M. S. (1992). The Greenbergian word order correlations. Language 68, 81–138. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1992.0028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, T. M., & Miceli, L. (2017). Language monitoring in bilinguals as a mechanism for rapid lexical divergence: Supplementary material. Language, 93(2), https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2017.0033
   Google Scholar
• Epps, P., & Michael, L. (2017). The areal linguistics of Amazonia. In R. Hickey (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of areal linguistics (pp. 934–963). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107279872.033
   Google Scholar
• Essegbey, J., & Bruyn, A. (2002). Moving into and out of Sranantongo: Multiple effects of contact [Paper Presentation]. International Conference on Adpositions of Movement, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• François, A. (2011). Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence. Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1(2), 175–246. https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra
   Google Scholar
• François, A. (2012). The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012(214), 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022
   Google Scholar
• Gambhir, S. K. (1981). The East Indian speech community in Guyana: A sociolinguistic study with special reference to koine formation. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
   Google Scholar
• Gobardhan-Rambocus, L. (2014). Taalpolitiek in een veranderende samenleving Suriname na 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, I. F. (1987). A preliminary classification of Anglophone Atlantic creoles, with syntactic data from thirty-three representative dialects. In G. G. Gilbert (Ed.), Pidgin and creole languages: Essays in memory of John Reinecke (pp. 264–333). Univ. of Hawai’i Press.
   Google Scholar
• Healy, M. (1992). The parallel continuum model for Suriname: A preliminary study. In F. Byrne & J. Holm (Eds.), Creole language library (pp. 279). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.11.26hea
   Google Scholar
• Heine, B., Claudi, U., & Hünnemeyer, F. (1991). Grammaticalization: A conceptual framework. Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Höder, S. (2014). Convergence vs. Divergence from a diasystematic perspective. In K. Braunmüller, S. Höder, & K. Kühl (Eds.), Studies in language variation (pp. 39–60). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/silv.16.03hod
   Google Scholar
• Johanson, L. (1992). Strukturelle Faktoren in türkischen Sprachkontakten. In Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft an der J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. Steiner.
   Google Scholar
• Johanson, L. (2002). Contact-induced change in a code-copying framework. In M. C. Jones & E. Esch (Eds.), Language change: The interplay of internal, external, and extra-linguistic factors (Vol. 86, pp. 285–314). Walter de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Kachru, Y. (2006). Hindi. John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Kleine, C. d. (2007). A morphosyntactic analysis of Surinamese Dutch. Lincom Europa.
   Google Scholar
• Kom, A. d. (2016). We slaves of Suriname. Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laitin, D. D. (1992). Language repertoires and state construction in Africa. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Léglise, I., & Migge, B. (2015). Language practices and linguistic ideologies in Suriname: Results from a school survey. In E. Carlin, I. Léglise, B. Migge, P. B, & T. S. Fat (Eds.), In and out of Suriname: Language, mobility and identity (pp. 13–57). Brill. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01134998/document
   Google Scholar
• Lüpke, F. (2016). Uncovering small-scale multilingualism. Critical Multilingualism Studies, 4(2), 35–74.
   Google Scholar
• Mattheier, K. J. (1996). Varietätenkonvergenz: Überlegungen zu einem Baustein einer Theorie der Sprachvariation. Sociolinguistica, 10(1), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110245158.31
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, M. (1969). Frog, where are you? Dial Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mesthrie, R. (1991). Language in indenture: A sociolinguistic history of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. Witwatersrand University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Migge, B. (2003). Creole formation as language contact: The case of the Surinamese Creoles. John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Mohan, P. (1990). The rise and fall of Trinidad Bhojpuri. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 85, 21–30 https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1990.85.21.
   Google Scholar
• Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muysken, P. (2013). Language contact outcomes as the result of bilingual optimization strategies. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(4), 709–730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muysken, P. (2017). The transformation of a colonial language: Surinamese Dutch. In K. Yakpo & P. Muysken (Eds.), Boundaries and bridges: Language contact in multilingual ecologies (pp. 283–308). De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614514886-005
   Google Scholar
• Newson, L. A. (1976). Aboriginal and Spanish Colonial Trinidad: A study in culture contact. Academic Press New York.
   Google Scholar
• Poplack, S., Sankoff, D., & Miller, C. (1988). The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation. Linguistics, 26(1), 47–104. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1988.26.1.47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma, J. (1990). The Dutch in the Atlantic slave trade, 1600–1815. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rakesh, N., & Kumar, R. (2013). Agreement in Magahi complex predicate. International Journal of Linguistics, 5(1), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v5i1.3304
   Google Scholar
• Sagna, S., & Hantgan, A. (2021). African multilingualism viewed from another angle: Challenging the Casamance exception. International Journal of Bilingualism.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieffelin, B. B., & Doucet, R. C. (1994). The “real” Haitian Creole: Ideology, metalinguistics, and orthographic choice. American Ethnologist, 21(1), 176–200. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1994.21.1.02a00090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, J. (1988). The development of Fiji Hindustani. In R. K. Barz & J. Siegel (Eds.), Language transplanted: The development of overseas Hindi (pp. 121–149). Otto Harrassowitz.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, N. (2002). The history of the Surinamese creoles II : origin and differentiation. In E. B. Carlin & J. Arends (Eds.), Atlas of the languages of Suriname (pp. 131–151). KITLV Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stilo, D. L. (2005). Iranian as a buffer zone between the universal typologies of Turkic and Semitic. In ÉÁ Csató, B. Isaksson, & C. Jahani (Eds.), Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: Case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic (pp. 35–63). RoutledgeCurzon.
   Google Scholar
• Tavares, J. L. (1915). Gramática da língua do Congo (kikongo), dialecte kisikongo. Imprensa Nacional de Angola.
   Google Scholar
• Thomason, S. G. (2001). Language contact: An introduction. Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Coetsem, F. (2000). A general and unified theory of the transmission process in language contact. Universitätsverlag Winter.
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg, M. (2007). A grammar of Early Sranan. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg, M., Borges, R., & Yakpo, K. (2013). Talen in contact in Suriname en Nederland: Eenheid in Verscheidenheid? OSO, Tijdschrift voor Surinamistiek en het Caraïbisch gebied, 32(1), 38–65.
   Google Scholar
• van der Hilst, E. (2014). Taki Sranantongo bun. De grammatica van het Sranan [Speak Sranantongo well. The grammar of Sranan] (Vol. 1). Author.
   Google Scholar
• Voorhoeve, J. (1953). Voorstudies tot een beschrijving van het Sranan Tongo (Negerengels van Suriname). Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.
   Google Scholar
• Winford, D. (2003). An introduction to contact linguistics. Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav, R. (1996). A reference grammar of Maithili. Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Yakpo, K. (2015). Code-switching and social change: Convergent language mixing in a multilingual society. In G. Stell & K. Yakpo (Eds.), Codeswitching between structural and sociolinguistic perspectives (pp. 259–287). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110346879.259
   Google Scholar
• Yakpo, K. (2017a). Creole in transition: Contact with Dutch and typological change in Sranan. In K. Yakpo & P. Muysken (Eds.), Boundaries and bridges: Language contact in multilingual ecologies (pp. 57–85). De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614514886-003
   Google Scholar
• Yakpo, K. (2017b). Out of India: Language contact and change in Caribbean Hindustani. In K. Yakpo & P. Muysken (Eds.), Boundaries and bridges: Language contact in multilingual ecologies (pp. 129–149). De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614514886-005
   Google Scholar
• Yakpo, K. (2017c). Unity in diversity: The homogeneity of the substrate and the grammar of space in the African and Caribbean English-lexifier Creoles. In C. Cutler, Z. Vrzic, & P. Angermeyer (Eds.), Language contact in Africa and the African diaspora in the Americas. In honor of John V. Singler (pp. 225–250). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/cll.53.10yak
   Google Scholar
• Yakpo, K., & Muysken, P. (Eds.). (2017). Boundaries and bridges: Language contact in multilingual ecologies. De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614514886
   Google Scholar
• Ziegeler, D. (2015). Converging grammars: Constructions in Singapore English. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614514091
   Google Scholar