A transnational vision for African colonization: John H. B. Latrobe and the future of Maryland in Liberia

NOTES

• Semmes , John e. 1917 . The Life and Times of John KB. Latrobe, 1803–1891 , 33 – 61 . Baltimore : The Norman, Remington Co. . 92
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• c1970 . Microfilm Edition of the Papers of the Maryland State Colonization Society [microform]. A Collection of the Maryland Historical Society , Philadelphia : Rhestoric Publications, Inc. . reel 31, XIII. African Colonization: An Address Delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, President of the American Colonization Society at the Anniversary Meeting of the Massachusetts Colonization Society, May 25, 1853 (Baltimore: John D. Toy, 1853), p. 7.
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• Campbell , Penelope . 1971 . Maryland in Africa: The Maryland State Colonization Society, 1831–1857 , 4 – 4 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XV Pamphlets (not included in original collection), 3. Proceedings of a Meeting of the Friends of African Colonization...October 17, 1827, p. 5.
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• Jefferson , Thomas . 1972 . Notes on the State of Virginia , Edited by: Peden , William . 137 – 138 . W W Norton and Company, Inc . Paul Finkelman, ‘Jefferson and Slavery ‘Treason Against the Hopes of the World.’’ In Jeffersonian Legacies, edited by Peter S. Onuf, (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), p. 196, 208; Matthew T. Mellon, Early American Views on Negro Slavery From the Letters and Papers of the Founders of the Republic (New York: Bergman Publishers, 1969), pp. 101–104; Floyd J. Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality Black Emigration and Colonization, 1787–1863), pp. 3–5; MSCS Papers, reel 16, III. Correspondece Sent, Latrobe Letter Books, John Latrobe to John Russwurm, January 27, 1840.
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• 1825 . The African Repository , 1 ( 1 ) March (Reprint, New York: Kraus Reprint Corporation, 1967), p. 2; Miller, The Search, 40; Philip J. Staudenraus, The African Colonization Movement, 1816–1865 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), p. 9, pp. 15–17.
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• 1825 . The African Repository , 1 ( 1 ) March : 2 – 3 . Vol. 1, No. 2, (April 1825): p. 35; Staudenraus, The African Colonization Movement, pp. 30–34; See also: Phil Sigler, ‘The Attitudes of Free Blacks Towards Emigration to Liberia.’ (Ph. D. diss., Boston University, 1969).
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• Ripley , C. Peter , ed. 1991 . Black Abolitionist Papers , Vol. 3 , 85 – 87 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . (The United States, 1830–1846)98 (hereafter BAP); William Lloyd Garrison, Thoughts on African Colonization Edited by William Loren Katz (New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1968), Part l: pp. 11–12, 42, Part 2: p. 12, 21.
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• Staudenraus . The African Colonization Movement 28 – 29 .
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary's Books, John H. B. Latrobe to Courtland Van Rensellaer, July 10, 1833.
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• MSCS Papers
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• Foner , Eric . 1970 . Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War , 79 – 80 . New York : Oxford University . Richard Sewell, Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1837 –1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 20.
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• Garrison . Thoughts on African Colonization xi – xi .
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• Foner . Free Soil 11 – 11 . 40, 189
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• MSCS Papers reel 1, I, Constitution, p. 2; Minutes. March 26, 1831; June 28, 1833; John H. B. Latrobe, Maryland in Liberia (Baltimore: John Murphy and Company, 1885), p. 21 (this book, written by Latrobe, was also copied in its entirety into the Microfilm edition of the MSCS Papers, reel 30, XIII. Colonization Pamphlets); reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary's Books, John H. B. Latrobe to Courtland Van Rensellaer, July 10, 1833; Latrobe to Reverend G. W. Blagden, Oct. 9, 1833; Latrobe to B. B. Wisner, Oct. 10, 1833.
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary's Books, John Latrobe to Reverend G.W. Blagden, October 9, 1833; reel 31, XV, Pamphlets. 4. An Address delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Maryland State Colonization Society by C. C. Harper, January 23, 1835.
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• Wilson , Samuel Jr. 1986 . Southern Travels: The Journal of John H. B. Latrobe, 1834 , 1 – 2 . The Historic New Orleans Collection .
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• Semmes , John E. 1917 . John H. B. Latrobe and His Times, 1803–1891 , 164 – 164 . Baltimore : The Norman Remington Co. .
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• Jefferson . Notes on the State of Virginia 137 – 138 . Finkelman, ‘Jefferson and Slavery,’ pp. 196, 208; Mellon, Early American Views on Negro Slavery, pp. 101–104.
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XV, Pamphlets. P. 7. Colonization and Abolition. An Address delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, of Maryland, At the Anniversary Meeting of the New York State Colonization Society, held in Metropolitan Hall, May 13, 1852 (Baltimore: John D. Toy, 1852), p. 21.
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary’s Books, Latrobe to Elisha Whittlesey, September 14, 1836; John Latrobe to unidentified, March 15, 1837; Latrobe to Reverend William C. Wyatt, July 15, 1841.
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• Even during the Civil War, Latrobe continued to argue African-Americans would not gain equality and colonization was the only means for them to achieve the independence they desired. The Annual Reports of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour of the United States Negro Universities Press New York 1969 (reprintvol. 34 (January 21, 1851), p. 56; vol. 37 (January 17, 1854), p. 26; vol. 44 (January 15, 1861), p. 29; vol. 45 (January 20, 1862), p. 23; vol. 47 (January 19, 1864), pp. 21–24.
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XV, Pamphlets. 10. African Colonization An Address delivered by Hon. John H. B. Latrobe, President of the American Colonization Society, at the Anniversary Meeting of the American Colonization Society, January 21, 1862; Mellon, Early American Views, pp. 101–104.
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XIII, Colonization Pamphlets. Colonization of the Free Colored Population of Maryland and of Such Slaves as May Hereafter Become Free. (Baltimore: Published by the Managers Appointed be the State of Maryland, 1832), pp. 3–4; African Colonization: An Address Delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, May 25, 1853, pp. 12–13; David M. Streifford, ‘The American Colonization Society: An Application of Republican Ideology to Early Antebellum Reform.’ In The Journal of Southern History Vol. 45, Issue 2, (May 1979): pp.202–204.
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• 1851 . Annual Reports of the ACS , 34 January : 56 – 56 . 21vol. 37 (January 17, 1854), p. 26; MSCS Papers, reel 31, XIII, Colonization Pamphlets. Colonization of the Free Colored Population of Maryland, pp. 4; 8; African Colonization: An Address Delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, May 25, 1853, p. 5.
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• Debow , JDB . 1854 . Statistical View of the United States: A Compendium of the Seventh Census (1850) , 63 – 63 . Washington : A.O.P. Nicholson .
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• The experiences of Frederick Douglass as a ship caulker in Baltimore are a good example of the tensions between blacks and whites. Phillips Christopher Freedom's Port: The African-American Community of Baltimore, 1790–1860 University of Illinois Press Urbana 1997 10 12 182
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• Maryland General Assembly, House of Delegates, Select Committee on the Removal of the Free Colored Population from Charles County s.n. Annapolis, MD 1844 5 7
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XII, Colonization Pamphlets. Colonization of the Free Colored Population of Maryland, 4; 4. An Address C. C. Harper, January 23, 1835; reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary's Books, John Latrobe to B.B. Wisner, October 10, 1833; John Latrobe to Reverend William C. Wyatt, July 15, 1841.
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XV, Pamphlets, p. 7; Colonization and Abolition. An Address delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, pp. 37–38; 8. African Colonization: An Address Delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, pp. 11–12.
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary's Books, 1. October 1832 –June 1834. Charles C. Harper to the President & Managers of the American Col. Society, Washington, September 20 1833.
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• BAP , 3 76 – 76 . 98, 102–104; MSCS Papers, reel 1, II, Correspondence Received. George R. McGill to John Latrobe, July 12, 1832; John Russwurm to John Latrobe, July 18, 1832; Tom Shick, ‘A Quantitative Analysis of Liberian Colonization from 1820 to 1843 With Special Reference to Mortality.’ In Journal of African History, XII, I (1971), pp. 48–52.
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• 1828 . Annual Reports of the ACS , 11 January : 8 – 8 . Colonization and Abolition. An Address delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, May 13, 1853, pp. 38-44.
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• MSCS Papers reel 1, I, Minutes. (May 4, 1831).
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• Campbell . Maryland in Africa 28 – 29 .
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary’ Books, John Latrobe to Dr. James Hall, October 11, 1832.
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary's Books, John Latrobe to Dr. James Hall, October 11, 1832; John Latrobe to George R. McGill, October 12, 1832; John Latrobe to BB Thatcher, July 23, 1833; John Latrobe to Reverend John Hersey, September 1833;I. Fonerden, FH Smith, WR Stuart, to unidentified, March 25, 1837.
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• MSCS Papers Vol. 1 , reel I, Minutes. June 28, 1833, October 2, 1833; reel 3, II, Correspondence Received, John Russwurm to John Latrobe, February 12, 1837; reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary's Books, John Latrobe to Courtland Van Rensellaer, July 10, 1833; John Latrobe to Reverend John Hersey, September 1833; John Latrobe to John Russwurm, June 1830; Latrobe, Maryland in Liberia, 22; reel 16, III. Correspondence Sent, John Latrobe to Robert S. Finley, Jr., March 17, 1837.
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• The legislature set up this state fund for the Board of Managers of the Colonization society to draw $10,000 annually for twenty years. African Repository 1831 November 7 25 27 MSCS Papers, reel 1, I, Minutes. October 12, 1831, March 24, 1832; Campbell, Maryland in Africa, pp. 35–36.
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• MSCS Papers reel 1, I, Minutes. April 30, 1833, September 9, 1833; reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary's Books, John Latrobe to Dr. James Hall, October 11, 1832; John Latrobe to George R. McGill, October 10, 1832.
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• MSCS Papers reel 1,1, Minutes, October 4, 1832.
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• MSCS Papers reel 1,1, Minutes. January 11, 1833; African Repository Vol. 11, Minutes of the Eleventh Annual Meeting, p. 8.
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• MSCS Papers reel 1,1, Minutes. April 11, 1833.
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• The colonists traded fruit, spices, and palm oil to name a few items. Certainly, trade or bartering was the dominant economic system in the colony. African Repository 1825 March 21 22 27; (April, 1825); p. 44.
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• Sigler . Attitudes of Free Blacks chapter two
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• MSCS Papers reel 1, I, Minutes. April, 11, 1833; June 28, 1833; October 2, 1833; Campbell, Maryland in Africa, pp. 50–51.
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• MSCS Papers reel 1,1, Minutes. October 9, 1833.
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary's Books, John Latrobe to BB Wisner, October 10, 1833; John Latrobe to Courtland Van Rensellaer, July 10, 1833; reel 31, XIII, Colonization Pamphlets, Colonization and Abolition. An Address delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, p. 45.
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XV Pamphlets. 8; African Colonization: An Address Delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, pp. 18–19.
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• Jefferson . Notes on the State of Virginia 164 – 165 .
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• Jefferson . Notes on the State of Virginia 164 – 165 .
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• Larsen , John Lauritz . “ Jefferson's Union and the Problem of Internal Improvements ” . In Jeffersonian Legacies Edited by: Onuf , Peter S. 343 – 344 . In
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• Latrobe . Maryland in Liberia 31 – 33 .
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• See articles five and seven of the constitution of Maryland in Liberia. Latrobe Maryland in Liberia 33 33
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• Latrobe . Maryland in Liberia 54 – 54 .
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XV, 4. An Address by C. C. Harper, January 23, 1835.
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• MSCS Papers
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent. Corresponding Secretary's Books, John Latrobe to James Hall, October 11, 1832.
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent. Corresponding Secretary's Books, John Latrobe to George R. McGill, October 12, 1832.
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III. Correspondence Sent. D. Latrobe Letter Books, John Latrobe to Robert Finley, March 17, 1837.
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• MSCS Papers reel 1,1. Minutes, January 7, 1837.
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• MSCS Papers reel 3, II, Correspondence Received. John Russwurm to John Latrobe, February 12, 1837; reel 16, III, Correspondence Sent, Corresponding Secretary's Books, John Latrobe to James Hall, October 11, 1832; John Latrobe to John Hersey, September 1833; John Latrobe to James Hall, June 2, 1834; John Latrobe to John Russwurm, June 20, 1836; Latrobe, Maryland in Liberia, p. 55.
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• Latrobe . Maryland in Liberia 55 – 55 .
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XV, Pamphlets. 6. Report of the Committee on the Coloured Population of Answers of the President of the Colonization Society of Maryland, in obedience to the order adopted by the House of Delegates, on the 4th of January, 1841, p. 12.
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• January 1828 . Annual Reports of the ACS Vol. 11 , January , 9 – 9 .
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• January 1828 . Annual Reports of the ACS Vol. 11 , January , 9 – 12 .
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III. Correspondence Sent. D. Latrobe Letter Books, John Latrobe to John Russwurm, October 24, 1837.
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XV, Pamphlets. 10. African Colonization An Address delivered by Hon. John H. B. Latrobe, President of the American Colonization Society, at the Anniversary Meeting of the American Colonization Society, January 21, 1862, p. 13.
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XIII, Colonization Pamphlets. Colonization and Abolition. An Address delivered by John H. B. Latrobe, p. 45. See also Tom Shick, ‘A Quantitative Analysis of Liberian Colonization,’ pp. 45–59.
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• Latrobe . Maryland in Liberia 88 – 88 .
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• MSCS Papers reel 16, III. Correspondence Sent. John Latrobe to Robert S. Finley, Jr., March 17, 1837.
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• MSCS Papers reel 17, III. Correspondence Sent. John Latrobe to John Latrobe to John Russwurm, January 27, 1840; John Latrobe to William A. Prout, January 7, 1852.
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• MSCS Papers reel 31, XV, Pamphlets. 10. African Colonization An Address delivered by Hon. John H. B. Latrobe, January 21, 1862, 12.
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