Noah's Parks: A partial antidote to the Anthropocene extinction event

REFERENCES

• AraúZjo , M. B. and Rahbek , C. 2006 . How does climate change affect biodiversity? . Science , 313 : 1396 – 1397 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bellamy , J. A. and McAlpine , J. R. 1995 . Papua New Guinea: inventory of natural resources, population distribution and land use handbook, , 2nd edition , Canberra, , Australia : Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) . Papua New Guinea Resource Information System (PNGRIS) Publication 6
   Google Scholar
• Christian , C. S. and Stewart , G. A. 1953 . General report on survey of Katherine-Darwin Region, 1946 , Canberra, , Australia : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) . Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Land Research Service 1
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1960 . A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 20 : 37 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couvillion , A. and Smith , C. 2004 . “ Cost suitability index ” . In Alaska-Yukon Arctic Ecoregional Assessment Update 9 , Anchorage, Alaska : The Nature Conservancy .
   Google Scholar
• Crutzen , P. J. and Stoermer , E. F. The ‘Anthropocene’ . International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Newsletter , 41 17 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Dynesius , M. L. and Jansson , R. 2000 . Evolutionary consequences of changes in species'geographical distributions driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 97.16 : 9115 – 9120 .
   Google Scholar
• Elton , C. S. 1958 . The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants , London, , United Kingdom : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Gitay , H. , Suarez , A. , Watson , R. T. and Dokken , D. J. 2002 . Climate Change and Biodiversity , Cambridge, , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Technical Report 5
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , D. T. and R Church , L. 2005 . The SITES reserve selection system: A critical review . Environmental Modeling and Assessment , 10.3 : 215 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Fjeldsa , J. , Ehrlich , D. , Lambin , E. and Prins , E. E. 1997 . Are biodiversity ‘hotspots’ correlated with current ecoclimatic stability? A pilot study using the NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data . Biodiversity and Conservation , 6 : 401 – 422 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , C. , Cooper , C. , Senior , C. A. , Banks , H. , Gregory , J. M. , Johns , T. C. , Mitchell , J. F. B. and Wood , R. A. 2000 . The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre Coupled Model without flux adjustments . Climate Dynamics , 16 : 147 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannah , L. , Midgley , G. , Andelman , S. , Araújo , M. , Hughes , G. , Martinez-Meyer , E. , Pearson , R. and Williams , P. 2007 . Protected area needs in a changing climate . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 5.3 : 131 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt , G. M. 2001 . Speciation, hybrid zones and phylogeography—or seeing genes in space and time . Molecular Ecology , 10.3 : 537 – 549 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , M. L. , Jacobson , G. L. Jr. and Webb , T. III . 1988 . Paleoecology and the coarse-filter approach to maintaining biological diversity . Conservation Biology , 2 : 375 – 385 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , G. E. 1965 . The Ecological Theater and the Evolutionary Play , New Haven Connecticut : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) . 2007 . “ Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability ” . In Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Edited by: Parry , M. L. , Canziani , O. F. , Palutikof , J. P. , van der Linden , P. J. and Hanson , C. E. Cambridge, , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jansson , R. 2003 . Global patterns in endemism explained by past climatic change . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , B 270 : 583 – 590 .
   Google Scholar
• Joint Research Centre . 2003 . Global Land Cover Mapping for the Year 2000 , Ispra, , Italy : Institute for Environment and Sustainability . Available from http://www-gem.jrc.it/glc2000/ProductGLC2000.htm(accessed 14 May 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Jorgenson , M. T. and Heiner , M. G. 2004 . Ecosystems of northern Alaska (map) , Fairbanks, Alaska : United States Permafrost Association . Available from http://www.uspermafrost.org/reports/NoAK_Ecosystems_tabloid_med.pdf(accessed 14 May 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Lemieux , C. J. and Scott , D. J. 2005 . Climate change, biodiversity conservation and protected area planning in Canada . The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien , 49.4 : 384 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Leslie , H. , Ruckelshaus , M. , Ball , I. R. , Andelman , S. and Possingham , H. P. 2003 . Using siting algorithms in the design of marine reserve networks . Ecological Applications , 13.1 : S185 – S198 .
   Google Scholar
• Mackey , B. G. , Watson , J. E. M. , Hope , G. and Gilmore , S. 2008 . Climate change, biodiversity conservation, and the role of protected areas: an Australian perspective . Biodiversity , [this volume]
   Google Scholar
• Meir , E. , Andelman , S. and Possingham , H. P. 2004 . Does conservation planning matter in a dynamic and uncertain world? . Ecology Letters , 7 : 615 – 622 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakicenovic , N. and Swart , R. 2000 . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios , Cambridge, , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neely , B. , Comer , P. , Moritz , C. , Lammert , M. , Rondeau , R. , Pague , C. , Bell , G. , Copeland , H. , Humke , J. , Spackman , S. , Schulz , T. , Theobald , D. and Valutis , L. 2001 . Southern Rocky Mountains Ecoregion: an ecoregional assessment and conservation blueprint , Boulder, Colorado : The Nature Conservancy .
   Google Scholar
• Nowacki , G. , Spencer , P. , Fleming , M. , Brock , T. and Jorgenson , M. T. 2001 . Ecoregions of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02–297 (map) , Anchorage, Alaska : Alaska Geographic Science Office . Available from http://agdc.usgs.gov/data/usgs/erosafo/ecoreg/ecoreg.html(accessed 14 May 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Olsen , D. M. and Dinerstein , E. 1998 . The global 200: a representation approach to conserving the Earth's most biologically valuable ecoregions . Conservation Biology , 12 : 502 – 515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Possingham , H. P. , Ball , I. and Andelman , S. 2000 . Mathematical methods for identifying representative reserve networks , Edited by: Ferson , S. and Burgman , M. 291 – 305 . New York, New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Pressey , R. L. , Watts , M. E. and Barrett , T. W. 2004 . Is maximizing protection the same as minimizing loss? Efficiency and retention as alternative measures of the effectiveness of proposed reserves . Ecology Letters , 7 : 1035 – 1046 .
   Google Scholar
• Pyke , C. R. , Andelman , S. J. and Midgley , G. 2005 . Identifying priority areas for bioclimatic representation under climate change: a case study for Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa . Biological Conservation , 125 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• RePPProT (Regional Physical Planning Project for Transmigration) . 1990 . Land Resources of Indonesia: A National Overview , Jakarta, , Indonesia : Land Resources Department, Natural Resources Institute, Overseas Development Administration, Foreign and Commonwealth Office: London, United Kingdom and Direktorat Bina Program, Direktorat Jenderal, Penyiapan Pemukiman, Departemen Transmigrasi .
   Google Scholar
• Sala , O. E. , Chapin , F. S. III , Armesto , J. J. , Berlow , E. , Bloomfield , J. , Dirzo , R. , Huber-Sanwald , E. , Huenneke , L. F. , Jackson , R. B. , Kinzig , A. , Leemans , R. , Lodge , D. M. , Mooney , H. A. , Oesterheld , M. , Poff , N. L. , Sykes , M. T. , Walker , B. H. , Walker , M. and Wall , D. H. 2000 . Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100 . Science , 287 : 1770 – 1774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson , E. W. , Jaiteh , M. , Levy , M. A. , Redford , K. H. , Wannebo , A. V. and Woolmer , G. 2002 . The human footprint and the last of the wild . Bioscience , 52.10 : 891 – 904 .
   Google Scholar
• Saxon , E. , Baker , B. , Hargrove , W. , Hoffman , F. and Zganjar , C. 2005 . Mapping environments at risk under different climate change scenarios . Ecology Letters , 8 : 53 – 60 . Available on line from http://www.blackwellsynergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1461–0248.2004.00694.x(Accessed 15 May 2008)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheffer , M. , Carpenter , S. R. , Foley , J. A. , Folke , C. and Walker , B. H. 2001 . Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems . Nature , 413 : 591 – 596 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekercioglu , C. H. , Schneider , S. H. , Fay , J. P. and Loarie , S. R. 2007 . Climate change, elevational range shifts and bird extinctions . Conservation Biology , 22.1 : 140 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard , S. and Saxon , E. C. 2008 . “ Land Systems of the New Guinea Archipelago ” . In ESRI Map Book , Vol. 23 , Redlands, California : ESRI Press . (in press), Available on line from http://conserveonline.org/workspaces/NG_LandSystems(in prep)
   Google Scholar
• Shoutis , D. 2003 . SPOT: The Spatial Portfolio Optimization Tool, User Guide , Ballston, , Virginia : The Nature Conservancy .
   Google Scholar
• Soulé , M. E. and Wilcox , B. A. 1980 . Conservation biology: its scope and its challenge , Edited by: Soulé , M. E. and Wilcox , B. A. 1 – 8 . Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective Sinauer Associates: Sunderland Massachusetts .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , R. R. and Possingham , H. P. 2005 . Efficiency, costs and tradeoffs in marine reserve system design . Environmental Modeling and Assessment , 10.3 : 203 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Tear , T. H. , Kareiva , P. , Angermeier , P. L. , Comer , P. , Czech , B. , Kautz , R. , Landon , L. , Mehlman , D. , Merphy , K. , Ruckelshaus , M. , Scott , J. M. and Wilhere , G. 2005 . How much is enough? The recurrent problem of setting measurable objectives in conservation . BioScience , 55.10 : 835 – 849 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , C. D. , Cameron , A. , Green , R. E. , Bakkenes , M. , Beaumont , L. J. , Collingham , Y. C. , Erasmus , B. F. N. , Ferreira de Siqueira , M. , Grainger , A. , Hannah , L. , Hughes , L. , Huntley , B. , van Jaarsveld , A. S. , Midgley , G. F. , Miles , L. , Ortega-Huerta , M. A. , Peterson , A. T. , Phillips , O. L. and Williams , S. E. 2004 . Extinction risk from climate change . Nature , 427 : 145 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , W. R. and Wilcove , D. S. 2006 . Adaptive decision rules for the acquisition of nature reserves . Conservation Biology , 20.2 : 527 – 537 .
   Google Scholar
• Wasdell , D. 2006 . Beyond the Tipping Point: Positive Feedback and the Acceleration of Climate Change Available at http://www.meridian.org.uk/_PDFs/BeyondTippingPoint.pdf(accessed 14 May 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Washington , W. M. , Weatherly , J. W. , Meehl , G. A. , Semtner , A. J. Jr. , Bettge , T. W. , Craig , A. P. , Strand , W. G. Jr. , Arblaster , J. M. , Wayland , V. B. , James , R. and Zhang , Y. 2000 . Parallel climate model (PCM) control and transient simulations . Climate Dynamics , 16.10–11 : 755 – 774 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , J. W. , Stephen , S. T. , Jackson , T. and Kutzbach , J. E. 2007 . Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104.14 : 5738 – 5742 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , P. , Hannah , L. , Andelman , S. , Midgley , G. , Araújo , M. , Hughes , G. , Manne , L. , Martinez-Meyer , E. and Pearson , R. 2005 . Planning for climate change: identifying minimum-dispersal corridors for Cape Proteaceae . Conservation Biology , 19.4 : 1063 – 1074 .
   Google Scholar