References
- Albanese , M.A. and Mitchell , S. 1993 . Problem‐based learning: A review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues . Academic Medicine , 68 (1) : 52 – 81 .
- Barrows , H. 1985 . How to design a problem‐based curriculum for the pre‐clinical years , New York : Springer .
- Barrows , H. 1996 . “ Problem‐based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview ” . In Bringing problem‐based learning to higher education: Theory and practice , Edited by: Wilkerson , L. and Gijselaers , W.H. 3 – 12 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey‐Bass .
- Barrows , H. and Tamblyn , R. 1980 . Problem‐based learning: An approach to medical education , New York : Springer .
- Beyer , L. 2002 . The politics of standardization: Teacher education in the USA . Journal of Education for Teaching , 25 (3) : 239 – 245 .
- Brooks , J.G. and Brooks , M.G. 1999 . In search of understanding: The case for constructivist classrooms , Alexandria, VA : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development .
- Boud , D. and Feletti , G. 1997 . “ Changing problem‐based learning: Introduction to the second edition ” . In The challenge of problem‐based learning , Edited by: Boud , D. and Feletti , G. 1 – 14 . London : Kogan .
- Cochran‐Smith , M. and Fries , K. 2001 . Sticks, stones, and ideology: The discourse of reform in teacher education . Educational Researcher , 30 (8) : 3 – 15 .
- Council of Chief State School Officers . 2004 . Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium Available: http://www.ccsso.org/projects/Interstate (accessed 16 December 2004)
- Darling‐Hammond , L. 1999 . “ Educating teachers for the next century: Rethinking practice and policy ” . In The education of teachers: Ninety‐eighth yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education , Edited by: Griffin , G. 221 – 256 . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
- Dean , C. . Problem‐based learning in teacher education . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association . Montreal, QC. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 431771)
- Dewey , J. 1944 . Democracy and education , New York : Free Press .
- Duch , B. 2001 . “ Writing problems for deeper understanding ” . In The power of problem‐based learning , Edited by: Duch , B. , Groh , S. and Allen , D. 47 – 58 . Sterling, VA : Stylus .
- Finn , C. and Petrilli , M. 2000 . The state of state standards , Washington, DC : Thomas B. Fordham Foundation .
- Franks , D.R. . Exploring tensions in a constructivist pre‐service (finite) mathematics course . Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Ontario Educational Research Council: Researching Equity and Accountability . Toronto, ON.
- Frid , S. 2000 . Constructivism and reflective practice in practice: Challenges and dilemmas of a mathematics teacher educator . Mathematics Teacher Education and Development , 2 : 17 – 33 .
- Gil‐Pérez , D. , Guisasola , J. , Moreno , A. , Cachapuz , A. , Pessoa De Carvalho , A.M. Martinez Torregrosa , J. 2002 . Defending constructivism in science education . Science and Education , 11 : 557 – 571 .
- Glew , R.H. 2003 . The problem with problem‐based medical education: Promises not kept . Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education , 31 : 52 – 58 .
- Grundy , S. 1982 . Three modes of action research . Curriculum Perspectives , 2 (3) : 23 – 34 .
- Guba , E.G. 1981 . Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries . Educational Communication and Technology Journal , 29 (2) : 75 – 91 .
- Hendry , G. , Frommer , M. and Walker , R. 1999 . Constructivism and problem‐based learning . Journal of Further and Higher Education , 23 (3) : 259 – 371 .
- Heron , J. 1993 . Group facilitation , London : Kogan‐Page .
- Herreid , C. 2003 . Response to: The problem with problem‐based medical education: Promises not kept . Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education , 31 (4) : 253 – 254 .
- Jenkins , E.W. 2000 . Constructivism in school science education: Powerful model or the most dangerous intellectual tendency . Science and Education , 9 : 599 – 610 .
- Jonassen , D.H. 1991 . Evaluating constructivisitic learning . Educational Technology , 49 (7) : 28 – 32 .
- Kemmis , S. and McTaggart , R. 2000 . “ Participatory action research ” . In Handbook of qualitative research ( , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Denzin , N.K. and Lincoln , Y.S. 567 – 606 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Kim , M. , Andrews , R. and Carr , D. 2004 . Traditional versus integrated preservice teacher education curriculum . Journal of Teacher Education , 55 (4) : 341 – 356 .
- Levin , B. 1995 . Using the case method in teacher education: The role of discussion and experience in teachers’ thinking about cases . Teaching and Teacher Education , 11 (1) : 63 – 79 .
- Levin , B. 2001 . Energizing teacher education and professional development with problem‐based learning , Alexandria, VA : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development .
- Loughran , J. 2002 . “ Understanding self‐study of teacher education practices ” . In Improving teacher education practices through self‐study , Edited by: Loughran , J. and Russell , T. 237 – 248 . London : Routledge/Falmer .
- Marshall , C. and Rossman , G.B. 1999 . Designing qualitative research () , 3rd ed. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Matthews , M.R. 2002 . Constructivism and science education: A further appraisal . Journal of Science Education and Technology , 11 (2) : 121 – 134 .
- Mettetal , G. 2001 . “ Classroom action research as problem‐based learning ” . In Energizing teacher education and professional development with problem‐based learning , Edited by: Levin , B. 108 – 120 . Alexandria, VA : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development .
- McPhee , A. 2002 . Problem‐based learning in initial teacher education: Taking the agenda forward . Journal of Educational Enquiry , 5 (1) : 60 – 78 .
- Merseth , K. 1996 . “ Cases and case methods in teacher education ” . In Handbook of research on teacher education , Edited by: Sikula , J. 722 – 744 . New York : Macmillan .
- National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education . 1997 . NCATE standards Available: http://www.ncate.org/standard/m_stds.htm (accessed, 16 December 2004)
- Onslow , B. and Laine , C. 2000 . Developing a pre‐service teacher education course using a constructivist frame of reference . Journal of Professional Studies , 7 (2) : 37 – 49 .
- Patton , M.Q. 1990 . Qualitative evaluation and research methods () , 2nd ed. , London : Sage .
- Piaget , J. 1977 . The development of thought , New York : Viking Press .
- Richardson , V. 2003 . Constructivist pedagogy . Teachers College Record , 105 (9) : 1623 – 1640 .
- Russell , T. , McPherson , S. and Martin , A. 2001 . Coherence and collaboration in teacher education reform . Canadian Journal of Education , 26 (1) : 37 – 55 .
- Ryan , G. 1993 . Student perceptions about self‐directed learning in a professional course implementing problem‐based learning . Studies in Higher Education , 18 (1) : 53 – 63 .
- Sage , S. 2000 . The learning and teaching experiences in an on‐line problem‐based learning course (No. ED442467) , New Orleans, LA : American Educational Research Association .
- Savery , J.R. and Duffy , T.M. 1995 . Problem based learning: An instructional model and its constructivist framework . Educational Technology , 35 (5) : 31 – 38 .
- Savin‐Baden , M. 2003 . Facil17ating problem‐based learning: Illuminating perspectives , Philadelphia, PA : The Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press .
- Schwartz , P. , Mennin , S. and Webb , G. 2001 . Problem‐based learning: Case studies, experience and practice , London : Kogan .
- Stinson , J. and Milter , R. 1996 . “ Problem‐based learning in business education: Curriculum design and implementation issues ” . In Bringing problem‐based learning to higher education: Theory and practice , Edited by: Wilkerson , L. and Gijselaers , W. 33 – 42 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey‐Bass .
- Strauss , A.L. and Corbin , J. 1998 . Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory () , 3rd ed. , New York : John Wiley .
- Taylor , I. 1997 . Developing learning in professional education , Buckingham, , UK : SRHE/Open University Press .
- Vernon , D.A. and Blake , R.L. 1993 . Does problem‐based learning work? A meta‐analysis of evaluative research . Academic Medicine , 68 (7) : 550 – 563 .
- von Glaserfeld , E. 1995 . “ A constructivist approach to teaching ” . In Constructivism in education , Edited by: Steffe , L. and Gale , L. 3 – 15 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Weiss , R.E. 2003 . Designing problems to promote higher‐order thinking . New Directions for Teaching and Learning , 95 : 25 – 31 .
- Wolcott , H.F. 1990 . “ On seeking and rejecting validity in qualitative research ” . In Qualitative inquiry in education: The continuing debate , Edited by: Eisner , E.W. and Peshkin , A. New York : Teachers College Press .
- Woods , D. 1996 . “ Problem‐based learning for large classes in chemical engineering ” . In Bringing problem‐based learning to higher education: Theory and practice , Edited by: Wilkerson , L. and Gijselaers , W. 91 – 102 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey‐Bass .