“Where Are the Field Investigations?” An Investigation of the (Implied) Paradox of Learning About Environmental Education in a Virtual Classroom

REFERENCES

• Abrami , P. , Bernard , R. , Wade , A. , Schmid , R. , Borokhovski , R. Surkes , M. 2006 . A review of e-learning in Canada: A rough sketch of the evidence, gaps and promising directions . Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology , 32 ( 3 ) : 1 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Bates , A. 2005 . Technology, e-learning, and distance education , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Benbunan-Fich , R. 2002 . Improving education and training with IT . Communications of the ACM , 45 ( 6 ) : 94 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Bray , N. , Lee , J. , Smith , L. and Yorks , L. 2000 . Collaborative inquiry in practice: Action, reflection, and meaning making , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bruner , J. 1990 . Acts of meaning , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , A. 2001 . Authentic learning: What does it really mean? Innovative Teaching Showcase from Western Washington University. Retrieved September 21, 2009, from . http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/showcase2001/authentic_learning.htm
   Google Scholar
• Cauble , E. and Thurston , L. 2000 . Effects of interactive multimedia training on knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy of social work students . Research on Social Work Practice , 10 : 428 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clover , D. , Follen , S. and Hall , B. 2000 . The nature of transformation: Environmental adult education , Toronto : Ontario Institute for Studies in Education/University of Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Colwell , T. 1997 . The nature-culture distinction and the future of environmental education . Journal of Environmental Education , 28 ( 4 ) : 4 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Comeaux , P. , Huber , R. , Kasprzak , J. and Nixon , M. Collaborative learning in Web-based instruction . Paper presented at the Proceedings of the WebNet 98 World Conference on the WWW, Internet, and Intranet . Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Coyle , K. 2005 . Environmental literacy in America , Washington, DC : The National Environmental Education and Training Partnership .
   Google Scholar
• Cuero , K. , Bonner , J. , Smith , B. , Schwartz , M. , Touchstone , R. and Vela , Y. 2008 . Venturing into unknown territory: Using aesthetic representations to understand reading comprehension . International Journal of Education & the Arts , 9 ( 1 ) : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Deci , E. , Vallerand , R. , Pelletier , L. and Ryan , R. 1991 . Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective . Educational Psychologist , 26 ( 3–4 ) : 325 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dede , C. 1996 . The evolution of distance education: Emerging technologies and distributed learning . American Journal of Distance Education , 10 ( 2 ) : 4 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Dillon , J. 2003 . On learners and learning in environmental education: Missing theories, ignored communities . Environmental Education Research , 9 ( 2 ) : 215 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Frey , A. , Faul , A. and Yankelov , P. 2003 . Student perceptions of Web-assisted teaching strategies . Journal of Social Work Education , 39 ( 3 )
   Google Scholar
• Garrison , D. and Anderson , T. 2003 . E-Learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice , London : Routledge/Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Garrison , D. , Anderson , T. and Archer , W. 2001 . Critical thinking, cognitive presence and computer conferencing in distance education . American Journal of Distance Education , 15 ( 1 ) : 7 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Garrison , D. and Cleveland-Innes , M. 2005 . Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: Interaction is not enough . American Journal of Distance Education , 19 ( 3 ) : 133 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Golley , F. 1998 . A primer for environmental literacy , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hara , N. and Kling , R. 2000 . Students' distress with a Web-based distance education course: An ethnographic study of participants' experiences . Information, Communication, and Society , 3 ( 4 ) : 557 – 579 .
   Google Scholar
• Harasim , L. 1993 . Collaborating in cyberspace: Using computer conferences as a group learning environment . Interactive Learning Environments , 3 ( 2 ) : 119 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Hawkes , M. 2001 . Variables of interest in exploring the reflective outcomes of network-based communication . Journal of Research on Computing in Education , 33 ( 3 ) : 299 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Hazari , S. and Schno , D. 1999 . Leveraging student feedback to improve teaching in Web-based courses . T.H.E. Journal , 26 ( 11 ) : 30 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Heckman , R. and Annabi , H. 2005 . A content analytic comparison of learning processes in online and face-to-face case study discussions . Journal of Computer Mediated Communication , 10 ( 2 ) Retrieved September 21, 2009, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue2/heckman.html
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimlich , J. 2003 . Environmental educators on the Web: Results of a national study of users and nonusers . Journal of Environmental Education , 34 ( 3 ) : 4 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , S. 2001 . Challenges for environmental education: Issues and ideas for the 21st century . BioScience , 51 ( 4 ) : 283 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn , P. and Kellert , S. 2002 . Children and nature: Psychological, sociocultural and evolutionary investigations , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kanuka , H. 2005 . An exploration into facilitating higher levels of learning in a text-based Internet learning environment using diverse instructional strategies . Journal of Computer Mediated Communication , 10 ( 3 ) Retrieved September 21, 2009, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue3/kanuka.html
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanuka , H. and Kelland , J. 2008 . Has e-Learning delivered on its promises? Expert opinion on the impact of e-Learning in higher education . Canadian Journal of Higher Education , 38 ( 1 ) : 45 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Kellert , S. 2005 . Building for life: Designing and understanding the human-nature connection , Washington, DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Knapp , C. 1999 . In accord with nature , Charleston, WV : Clearinghouse n Rural Education and Small Schools .
   Google Scholar
• Levi , D. and Kocher , S. 1999 . Humans valuing nature: Synthesising insights from philosophy, psychology and economics . Environmental Values , 8 : 381 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• Louv , R. 2005 . Last child in the woods , Chapel Hill, NC : Algonquin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Maki , R. , Maki , W. , Patterson , M. and Whittaker , P. 2000 . Evaluation of a Web-based introductory psychology course: Learning and satisfaction in online versus lecture courses . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers , 32 : 230 – 239 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merriam , S. B. 1988 . Case study research in education: A qualitative approach , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , K. 2003 . Face-to-face versus threaded discussions: The role of time and higher-order thinking . Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks , 7 ( 3 ) : 55 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , B. and Geva-May , I. 2009 . Attitudes affecting online learning implementation in higher education institutions . Journal of Distance Education , 23 ( 1 ) : 71 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Pea , R. 1993 . Seeing what we build together: Distributed multimedia learning environments for transformative communications . Journal of the Learning Sciences , 3 ( 3 ) : 285 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Pyle , R. 1998 . The thunder tree: Lessons from an urban wildland , New York : Lyons Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , C. E. 1992 . Environmental literacy: Its roots, evolution, and directions in the 1990s , Columbus, OH : Education Resources Information Center/Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education .
   Google Scholar
• Sauvé , L. 2005 . Currents in environmental education: Mapping a complex and evolving pedagogical field . Canadian Journal of Environmental Education , 10 : 11 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , M. 1991 . Naturalistic research: Applications for research and professional practice with college students . Journal of College Student Development , 32 : 416 – 423 .
   Google Scholar
• Simmons , B. 2004 . Guidelines for the preparation and professional development of environmental educators , Washington, DC : North American Association for Environmental Education .
   Google Scholar
• Sobel , D. 1996 . Beyond ecophobia: Reclaiming the heart in nature education , Great Barrington, MA : The Orion Society .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , A. and Corbin , J. 1988 . Basics of qualitative research , 2nd ed. , Thousands Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Svinicki , M. 1999 . New directions for teaching and learning series, no. 80 , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. 2002 . Education online: Off course or on track? . Community College Week , 14 ( 20 ) : 10 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Torp , L. and Sage , S. 2002 . Problems as possibilities: Problem-based learning for K–16 education , 2nd ed. , Alexandria, VA : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development .
   Google Scholar
• Twigg , C. 2001 . Innovations in online learning: Moving beyond no significant difference. The Pew Learning and Technology Program. Retrieved October 1, 2009, from . http://www.widernet.org/decisionmakers/techtour03/Presentations/Webs/InnovationsOnlineLearning.htm
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization . 1978, April . Final report: Intergovernmental conference on environmental education . October 14–26, 1977. Retrieved August 2009, from http://www.gdrc.org/uem/ee/EE-Tbilisi_1977.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/United Nations Environment Programme . 1976 . The Belgrade Charter . Connect , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan , N. and Garrison , D. 2005 . Creating cognitive presence in a blended faculty development community . Internet and Higher Education , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , J. 2008 . Web-based versus in-class: An exploration of how instructional methods influence postsecondary students' environmental literacy . Journal of Environmental Education , 39 ( 2 ) : 33 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar