A retrospective analysis of the influence of ego involvement on adult running participation and preferences among post-university varsity cross-country athletes

References

• Allport, G. (1943). The ego in contemporary psychology. Psychological Review, 50, 451–478.
   Google Scholar
• Allport, G. (1945). The psychology of participation. Psychological Review, 52, 117–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atchley, R. C. (1989). A continuity theory of normal aging. The Gerontologist, 29, 183–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman, S. J., & Crompton, J. L. (1990). The usefulness of selected variables for predicting activity loyalty. Leisure Sciences, 13, 205–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, N., & Havitz, M. E. (2001). Canadian participation rates in ten sport and fitness activities. Journal of Sport Management, 15, 51–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton, A. A., Funk, D. C., & Alexandris, K. (2009). Operationalizing a theory of participation in physically active leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 41, 177–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton, A. A., Funk, D. C., Ridinger, L., & Jordan, J. (2011). Sport involvement: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Sport Management Review, 14, 126–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buman, M. P., Hekler, E. B., Haskell, W. L., Pruitt, L., Conway, T. L., Cain, K. L., … King, A. C. (2010). Objective light-intensity physical activity associations with rated health in older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172, 1155–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmack, M. A., & Martens, R. (1979). Measuring commitment to running: A survey of runners’ attitudes and mental states. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, 25–42.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, G. (2003). Leisure and life perceptions of a mid-life woman experiencing an epiphany associated with family. World Leisure Journal, 45(4), 44–54.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, G. (2010). When time does not matter: Perceiving and living a mid-life not bound by linear time. World Leisure Journal, 52(2), 116–128.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, G., & Stockard, J. (2010). Leisure and health in middle age. In L. Payne, B. Ainsworth, & G. Godbey (Eds.), Leisure, health and wellness: Making the connections (239-249). State College, PA:Venture Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Chakravarty, E. F., Hubert, H. B., Lingala, V. B., & Fries, J. F. (2008). Reduced disability and mortality among aging runners: A 21-year longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168, 1638–1646.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J. (1968). Intelligence? Creativity? A parsimonious reinterpretation of the Wallach-Kogan data. American Educational Research Journal, 5(4), 491–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J., & Furby, L. (1970). How we should measure “change”: Or should we? Psychological Bulletin, 74, 68–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, J., McTeer, W., & White, P. (1999). Exploring effects of school sport experiences on sport participation in later life. Sociology of Sport Journal, 16, 348–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuskelly, G. (2004). Volunteer retention in community sport organisations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 4(2), 59–76.
   Google Scholar
• Cuskelly, G., & O’Brien, W. (2013). Changing roles: Applying continuity theory to understanding the transition from playing to volunteering in community sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13, 54–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dimanche, F., & Samdahl, D. M. (1994). Leisure as symbolic consumption: A conceptualization and prospectus for future research. Leisure Sciences, 16, 119–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda, J. L. (1988). The relationship between goal perspectives, persistence and behavioral intensity among male and female recreational sport participants. Leisure Sciences, 10, 95–106.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2001). The psychological continuum model: A conceptual framework for understanding and individual’s psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4, 119–150.
   Google Scholar
• Gahwiler, P., & Havitz, M. E. (1998). Toward a relational understanding of leisure social worlds, involvement, psychological commitment, and behavioral loyalty. Leisure Sciences, 20, 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutmann, D. (1987). Reclaimed powers: Toward a new psychology of men and women in later life. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Havitz, M. E., & Crompton, J. L. (1990). The influence of persuasive messages on propensity to purchase selected recreational services from public and commercial suppliers. Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 71–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1990). Propositions for guiding the testing of the involvement construct in recreational and tourist contexts. Leisure Sciences, 12, 179–196.
   Google Scholar
• Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1997). Leisure involvement revisited: Measurement advances and conceptual conundrums. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 245–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1999). Leisure involvement revisited: Drive properties and paradoxes. Journal of Leisure Research, 31, 122–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1995). How enduring is enduring involvement? A seasonal examination of three recreational activities. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 4, 255–276.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, S. J. (2013). The importance of subjective experiences in physical activity. In S. J. Hoffman (Ed.), Introduction to kinesiology (4th ed., pp. 103–132). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, D. R. (1992). Participation rates in selected sport and fitness activities. Journal of Sport Management, 6, 191–205.
   Google Scholar
• Kaczynski, A. T., & Crompton, J. L. (2004). Development of a multi-dimensional scale for implementing positioning in public park and recreation agencies. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 22(2), 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Kaczynski, A. T., Johnson, A. J., & Saelens, B. E. (2010). Neighborhood land use diversity and physical activity in adjacent parks. Health & Place, 16, 413–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle, G. T., Absher, J. D., Norman, W., Hammitt, W. E., & Jodice, L. (2007). A modified involvement scale. Leisure Studies, 26, 399–427.
   Google Scholar
• Kyle, G. T., & Chick, G. E. (2002). The social nature of leisure involvement. Journal of Leisure Research, 34, 426–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle, G. T., & Chick, G. E. (2004). Enduring leisure involvement: The importance of relationships. Leisure Studies, 23, 243–266.
   Google Scholar
• Kyle, G. T., Kerstetter, D. L., & Guadagnolo, F. B. (2002). Market segmentation using participant involvement profiles. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 20(1), 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Laurent, G., & Kapferer, J. N. (1985). Measuring consumer involvement profiles. Journal of Marketing Research, 22, 41–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, M. A., & Tobin, S. S. (1983). The experience of old age: Stress, coping, and survival. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Luginbuhl, J., & Bell, A. (1989). Causal attributions by athletes: Role of ego involvement. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 399–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina, R. M. (1996). Tracking of physical activity and physical fitness across the lifespan. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(3), 48–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 100–122.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre, N., & Pigram, J. J. (1992). Recreation specialization re-examined: The case of vehicle-based campers. Leisure Sciences, 14, 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mock, S. E., Plante, C. N., Reysen, S., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2013). Deeper leisure involvement as a coping resource in a stigmatized leisure context. Leisure/Loisir, 37, 111–126.
   Google Scholar
• Scholarship Stats.com (2015). College cross country & scholarship opportunities. Retrieved from: http://scholarshipstats.com/crosscountry.htm
   Google Scholar
• Selin, S., & Howard, D. (1988). Ego involvement and leisure behaviour: A conceptual specification. Journal of Leisure Research, 20, 237–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherif, C. W., Kelly, M., Rogers, H. L., Sarup, G., & Tittler, B. I. (1973). Personal involvement, social judgement, and action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 311–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherif, M., & Cantril, H. (1947). The psychology of ego involvements, social attitudes and identifications. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Snelgrove, R., & Havitz, M. E. (2010). Looking back in time: The pitfalls and potential of retrospective methods in leisure studies. Leisure Sciences, 32, 337–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockard, J., Carpenter, G., & Kahle, L. R. (2014). Continuity and change in values in midlife: Testing the age stability hypothesis. Experimental Aging Research, 40, 224–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, T., & Havitz, M. E. (2014, May). Picturing ego involvement: Runners’ lifetime retrospectives. Presented at the 14th Canadian congress on leisure research (CCLR 14), Halifax, NS.
   Google Scholar
• Wegner, C. E., Ridinger, L. L., Jordan, J. S., & Funk, D. C. (2015). Get serious: Gender and constraints to long-distance running. Journal of Leisure Research, 47, 305–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, A. W., & Potwarka, L. R. (2014, May). Exploring relationships between ego involvement and passion for sport activities. Presented at the 14th Canadian congress on leisure research (CCLR 14), Halifax, NS.
   Google Scholar
• Young, B. W., Medic, N., Weir, P. L., & Starkes, J. L. (2008). Explaining performance in elite middle-aged runners: Contributions from age and from ongoing and past training factors. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 737–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 341–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar