Keeping citizens living with low incomes at arm’s length away: the responsibilization of municipal recreation access provisions

References

• Ambrosio, J. (2013). Changing the subject: Neoliberalism and accountability in public education. Educational Studies, 49(4), 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2013.783835
   Google Scholar
• Arai, S., & Reid, D. (2003). Impacts of neoliberal policy shift on citizenship participation in a healthy communities initiative. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 21(1), 25–44.
   Google Scholar
• Birk, R. (2018). Making responsible residents: On ‘responsibilization’ within local community work in marginalized residential areas in Denmark. The Sociological Review, 66(3), 608–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026117738148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, S. R., Schoeneman, A. C., & Sawyer, J. (2014). Critiquing and analyzing the effects of neoliberalism on community organizing: Implications and recommendations for practitioners and educators. Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology, 6(1), 36–60. https://doi.org/10.33043/JSACP.6.1.36-60
   Google Scholar
• Brodie, J. M. (2007). Reforming social justice in neoliberal times. Studies in Social Justice, 1(2), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v1i2.972
   Google Scholar
• Carman, J. G. (2010). The accountability movement: What’s wrong with this theory of change?. Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(2), 256–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764008330622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coakley, J. (2011). Ideology doesn’t just happen: Sports and neoliberalism. Revista Da ALESDE, 1(1), 18.
   Google Scholar
• Crompton, J. (1998). Forces underlying the emergence of privatization in parks and recreation. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 16(2), 88–101.
   Google Scholar
• Cureton, K., & Frisby, W. (2011). Staff perspectives on how social liberal and neo-liberal values influence the implementation of leisure access policy. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2010.544665
   Google Scholar
• Daft, R. L., & Armstrong, A. (2009). Organizational theory and design. Nelson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Frisby, W., Alexander, T., Taylor, J., Tirone, S., Watson, C., Harvey, J., & Laplante, D. (2005). Bridging the recreation divide: Listening to youth and parents from low income families across. Developed for The Canadian Parks and Recreation Association (CPRA).
   Google Scholar
• Frisby, W., Ponic, P., & Reid. (2007). Levelling the playing field: Promoting the health of poor women through a community development approach to recreation. In P. White & K. Young (Eds.), Sport and gender in Canada (2nd ed., pp. 120–136). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, J. (1985). From social democracy to authoritarian populism: State intervention in sport and physical recreation in contemporary Britain. Leisure Studies, 4(2), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614368500390161
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, J. (2001). The role of sport and recreation policy in fostering citizenship: The Canadian experience. In J. Jenson, J. Harvey, W. Kimlicka, A. Maoni, E. Schragge, P. Greafe, & J. Fontan (Eds.), Building citizenship: Government and service provision in Canada (pp. 23–46). Canadian Policy Research Networks.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, N., Kingsley, B., Tink, L., & Scherer, J. (2011). Benefits and challenges associated with sport participation by children and parents from low-income families. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(5), 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, M. R. (2009). Strengths and challenges in the use of interpretive description: Reflections arising from a study of the moral experience of health professionals in humanitarian work. Qualitative Health Research, 19(9), 1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732309344612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilcan, S., & Basok, T. (2004). Community government: Voluntary agencies, social justice, and the responsibilization of citizens. Citizenship Studies, 8(2), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/1362102042000214714
   Google Scholar
• Ilcan, S. (2009). Privatizing responsibility: Public sector reform under neoliberal government. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 46(3), 207–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01212.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Interprovincial Sport and Recreation Council [ISRC] and Canadian Parks and Recreation Association [CPRA]. (2015). A framework for recreation in Canada 2015: Pathways to wellbeing. Canadian Recreation and Parks Association.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, K., & Caputo, T. (2011). Community: A contemporary analysis of policies, programs, and practices. University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsley, B. C., & Spencer-Cavaliere, N. (2015). The exclusionary practices of youth sport. Social Inclusion, 3(3), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i3.136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarville, R. (2008). The design of financial assistance programs: Suggestions from those living in poverty. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26(4), 13.
   Google Scholar
• Oncescu, J., & Loewen, M. (2020). Community recreation provisions that support low-income families’ access to recreation. Leisure/Loisir, 44(2), 279–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2020.1760120
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pedlar A. (2006). Practicing community development and third way politics: Still faking it?. Leisure/Loisir, 30(2), 427–436. 10.1080/14927713.2006.9651363
   Google Scholar
• Pedlar, A. (1996). Community development: What does it mean for recreation and leisure? Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 21(1), 5–23.
   Google Scholar
• Pitas, N. A. D., Mowen, A. J., Mueller, J. T., Taff, B. D., & Graefe, A. (2020). The role of values, ideologies, and attitudes in shaping public support for privatization in local park and recreation services. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(1), 16–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2019.1604105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitas, N., Mowen, A. J., Taff, D., Hickerson, B., Radhakrishna, R., & Graefe, A. (2018). Attitude strength and structure regarding privatization of local public park and recreation services. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 36(3), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2018-V36-I3-8442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponic, P., & Frisby, W. (2010). Unpacking assumptions about inclusion in community-based health promotion: Perspectives of women living in poverty. Qualitative Health Research, 20(11), 1519–1531. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310374303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond, L. (2018). The influence of welfare on leisure experiences: ‘As long as me and mine eat, I’m all right’. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(2), 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2017.1301213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, N., & Lentzos, F. (2017). Making us resilient: Responsible citizens for uncertain times. In S. Trnka & C. Trundle (Eds.), Competing responsibilities: The ethics and politics of contemporary life (pp. 27–48). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schram, S. (2018). Neoliberalizing the welfare state: Marketizing social policy/disciplining clients. In D. Cahill, and M. Cooper, & . Konings The Sage Handbook of Neoliberalism (pp. 308–322 https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526416001.n25). SAGE Publications Ltd,
   Google Scholar
• Schram, S. (2018). Neoliberalizing the welfare state. In D. Cahill, M. Copper, M. Konings, & D. Primrose (Eds.), The sage handbook of neoliberalism (pp. 308–322). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Shamir, R. (2008). The age of responsibilization: On market-embedded morality. Economy and Society, 37(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140701760833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smale, B., & Reid, D. (2002). Public policy on recreation and leisure in urban Canada. In E. P. Fowler & D. Siegel (Eds.), Urban policy issues: Canadian perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 172–193). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Soss, J., Fording, R. C., & Schram, S. F. (2009). Governing the Poor: The rise of the neoliberal paternalist state. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1449997.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2001). Definitions of rural. (no. 21-006-XIE).
   Google Scholar
• Tamminen, K. A., Poucher, Z. A., Povilaitis, V., & Spence, J. C. (2020). Examining the experiences of individuals living in low income using a fee assistance program to acce. Journal of Poverty, 21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2020.1746947
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J., & Frisby, W. (2010). Addressing inadequate leisure access policies through citizen engagement. In H. Mair, S. M. Arai, & D. G. Reid (Eds.), Decentering work: Critical perspectives on leisure, social policy, and human development (pp. 30–45). University of Calgary Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thibault, L., Kikulis, L. M., & Frisby, W. (2004). Partnerships between local government sport and leisure departments and the commercial sector: Changes, complexities and consequences.
   Google Scholar
• Thorne, S., Kirkham, S. R., & MacDonald‐Emes, J. (1997). Interpretive description: A noncategorical qualitative alternative for developing nursing knowledge. Research in Nursing & Health, 20(2), 169–177. h ttps://d o i.o rg/1 0.1 002/(SICI)1 098-240X(199704)20:2<169::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-I
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne, S. (2008). Interpretive description. Left Coast Press, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Thorne, S. (2016). Interpretive description: Qualitative research for applied practice (2nd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tink, L. N., Peers, D., Nykiforuk, C. I. J., & Kingsley, B. C. (2020). Moving beyond ideology: Contemporary recreation and the neoliberal discourses of new public health. Leisure Studies, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2020.1778772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussell, D. E., & Mair, H. (2010). Seeking judgment free spaces: Poverty, leisure, and social inclusion. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(4), 513–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2010.11950216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolford, A., & Curran, A. (2011). Neoliberal restructuring, limited autonomy, and relational distance in Manitoba’s non-profit field. Critical Social Policy, 31(4), 583–606. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018311415571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolford, A., & Nelund, A. (2013). The responsibilities of the poor: Performing neoliberal citizenship within the bureaucratic field. Social Service Review, 87(2), 292–318. https://doi.org/10.1086/671072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar