Integrated supply of stemwood and residual biomass to forest-based biorefineries

References

• Åström SE. 1988. From tar to timber: studies in Northeast European forest exploitation and foreign trade, 1660–1860. Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters. 229 p. ISBN 951653161X.
   Google Scholar
• Athanassiadis D, Lindroos O, Nordfjell T. 2011. Pine and spruce stump harvesting productivity and costs using a Pallari KH 160 stump-lifting tool. Scand J For Res. 26:437–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanassiadis D, Melin Y, Lundström A, Nordfjell T 2009. Marginalkostnader för skörd av grot och stubbar från föryngringsavverkningar i Sverige [Marginal costs for harvesting of logging residues and stumps from regeneration fellings in Sweden]. SLU,Institutionen för skoglig resurshushållning, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Arbetsrapport. vol. 261 ISSN . 25 p. (In Swedish) Available from: http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/4674/1/Arbetsrapport_261_Marginalkostnadskurvor.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Berg S. 1992. Terrain classification system for forestry work. Kista: The Forest Operations Institute of Sweden; p. 28. ISBN 91-7614-078-4
   Google Scholar
• Berg S, Bergström D, Nordfjell T. 2014a. Simulation of conventional and integrated stump wood and round wood harvesting systems and comparison of their productivity and cost. Int J For Eng. 25:138–155.
   Google Scholar
• Berg S, Lindholm E-L. 2005. Energy use and environmental impacts of forest operations in Sweden. J Cleaner Prod. 13:33–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg S, Nordfjell T, Nurmi J 2014b. Ground disturbance after stump extraction under different conditions. In: Proceedings of the Nordic Baltic Conference OSCAR14. Solutions for Sustainable Forestry Operations; 2014 Jun 25–27; Knivsta, Sweden: NOVA Park Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Bergström D, Di Fulvio F. 2014a. Comparison of the cost and energy efficiencies of present and future biomass supply systems for young dense forests. Scand J For Res. 29:793–812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergström D, Di Fulvio F. 2014b. Evaluation of a novel prototype harvester head in early fuel-wood thinnings. Int J For Eng. 25:156–170.
   Google Scholar
• Bertilsson M. 2011. Grovkrossning av stubbar – en produktivitetsstudie [Stump shredding - a study in productivity]. Arbetsrapport 335/2011. SLU, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för skoglig resurshushållning. ISSN . 26 p. (In Swedish with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Björheden R, Nuutinen Y. 2014. Studie av Fixteri FX15a klenträdsbuntare [Study of Fixteri FX15a small-tree bundling unit]. Arbetsrapport 819-2014, Skogforsk, Uppsala. The Forest Research Institute of Sweden. ISSN . 24 p. (In Swedish with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Bredberg CJ. 1972. Typbestånd I första gallring [Type stands for the first thinning]. (Research Notes no. 55). Stockholm: Royal College of Forestry, Department of Operational Efficiency. 42 p. (In Swedish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Brunberg T. 1997. Underlag för producktionsnorm för engreppskördare i gallring [Basic data for productivity norms for single-grip harvesters in thinning]. Redogörelse nr. 8, Skogforsk, The Forest Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala. 18 p. (In Swedish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Brunberg T. 2004. Underlag till produktionsnormer för skotare [Productivity-norm data for forwarders]. Redogörelse från Skogforsk nr 3, Skogforsk The Forest Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala. 11 p. (In Swedish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Brunberg T. 2006. Bränsleförbrukningen hos skördare och skotare [Fuel consumption of harvesters and forwarders]. Redogörelse nr. 22, Skogforsk, The Forest Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala. 4 p. (In Swedish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Brunberg T. 2007. Underlag för produktionsnormer för extra stora engreppskördare i slutavverkning [Basic data for productivity norms for extra large single-grip harvesters in final felling]. Redogörelse från Skogforsk nr 2, Skogforsk The Forest Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala. 8 p. (In Swedish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Brunberg T. 2013. Skogsbrukets kostnader och intäkter 2012 [Forestry costs and revenues in 2012.] Nr 8-2013. Skogforsk, Uppsala. [ cited 2013 Nov]. Available from: http://www.skogforsk.se/sv/kunskap/db/2013/Skogsbrukets-kostnader-och-intakter-2012 (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Danielsson BO, Liss JE. 2010. Långa toppar [Long tops]. Projekt SWX-Energi Rapport nr 5. Högskolan Dalarna och Karlstads Universitet. 38 p. (In Swedish). Available from: http://site.eventonline.se/ck_archive/106/files/Gamla_publikationer/SWX/5-Langa_toppar.pdf
   Google Scholar
• De Jong J, Akselsson C, Berglund H, Egnell G, Gerhardt K, Lönnberg L, Olsson B, Von Stedingk H. 2014. Consequences of an increased extraction of forest biofuel in Sweden – a synthesis from the biofuel research programme 2007–2011. Summary of synthesis report. IEA Bioenergy Task 43, Report 2014/01. The Swedish Energy Agency. 37 p. Available from: http://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Consequences-of-an-increased-extraction-of-forest-biofuel-in-Sweden-IEA-BIOENERGY-TR2014-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Di Fulvio F, Bergström D, Nordfjell T. 2011. Skörd av skogsbränsle och/eller massaved i förstagallringar, vägkanter och på igenväxt åkermark. [Harvesting of fuel wood and/or pulpwood in early thinnings, road-sides and on overgrown arable land]. Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Department of forest resource management, Work report no. 343. 36 p. (In Swedish with English abstract). Available from: http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/8633/1/Fulvio_Di_Fulvio_etal_20120315.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Egnell G. 2011. Is the productivity decline in Norway spruce following whole-tree harvesting in the final felling in boreal Sweden permanent or temporary? For Ecol Manage. 261:148–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egnell G, Valinger E. 2003. Survival, growth, and growth allocation of planted Scots pine trees after different levels of biomass removal in clear-felling. For Ecol Manage. 177:65–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliasson L, Granlund P. 2010. Krossning av skogsbränsle med en stor kross. En studie av CBI 8400 hos Skellefteå Kraft [Crushing of wood fuel with a large crusher. A study by the CBI 8400 in Skellefteå Kraft]. Arbetsrapport 716, Skogforsk, Uppsala. 6 p. (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Eliasson L, Granlund P, Lundström H. 2012. Effekter på bränsleförbrukning, prestation och fliskvalitet av klenträd vs bränsleved som råvara vid flisning med en stor skivhugg [Effects of raw material on performance, fuel consumption and chip quality of a large disc chipper]. Arbetsrapport 777, Skogforsk, Uppsala. 10 p. (In Swedish with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Ferranti F. 2014. Energy wood: a challenge for European forests potentials, environmental implications, policy integration and related conflicts. European Forest Institute. EFI Technical Report 95, 2014. 157 p. Available from: http://www.efi.int/files/attachments/publications/efi_tr_95_ferranti_2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fjeld D. 2012. Student exercises with GilleCalc in SPM0059. Operational planning and control. Umeå: Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Department of Forest Resource Management.
   Google Scholar
• Fueleconomy. 2014. Pickup Trucks [cited 2014 Dec]. Available from http://www.fueleconomy.gov
   Google Scholar
• Gustavsson R. 1974. Typbestånd i röjningsskog [Type stands for cleaning]. Research Note no.70. Royal College of Forestry, Department of Operational Efficiency. Garpenberg. ISSN . 58 p. (In Swedish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Harstela P. 1993. Forest work science and technology, Part I. Silva Carelica. 25:113.
   Google Scholar
• Helmisaari H-S, Kaarakka L, Olsson BA. 2014. Increased utilization of different tree parts for energy purposes in the Nordic countries. Scand J For Res. 29:312–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlitz A. 1975. Typbestånd i slutavverkning [Type stands for clear cutting]. The Royal College of Forestry, Department of operational efficiency. Research Notes 81, Garpenberg. (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Jirjis R. 1995. Storage and drying of wood fuel. Biomass Bioenerg. 9:181–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jylhä P 2011. Harvesting undelimbed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from first thinnings for integrated production of kraft pulp and energy. [Academic dissertation]. University of Helsinki, Dissertationes Forestales, 133. Helsinki 2011. 73 p. ISBN 978-951-651-355-6.
   Google Scholar
• Kärhä K. 2012. Comparison of two stump-lifting heads in final felling Norway spruce stand. Silva Fennica. 46:625–640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kärhä K, Jylhä P, Laitila J. 2011. Integrated procurement of pulpwood and energy wood from early thinnings using whole-tree bundling. Biomass Bioenerg. 35:3389–3396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson D. 2010. Prestation vid sönderdelning av GROT med olika typer av maskiner [Productivity in chipping of logging residues with different types of machines]. SLU, Arbetsrapport 290, Institutionen för skoglig resurshushållning, Umeå. 44 p. (In Swedish with English abstract). Available from: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se/1840/1/Karlsson_D_100922.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson L 2013. Silvicultural regimes and early biomass thinning in young, dense pine stands [Doctoral thesis. Diss]. Umeå: Sveriges lantbruksuniv., Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae, ISSN 1652-6880;90, 67 p.
   Google Scholar
• Kons K, Bergström D, Eriksson U, Athanassiadis D, Nordfjell T. 2014. Characteristics of Swedish forest biomass terminals for energy. Int J Forest Eng. 25:238–246.
   Google Scholar
• Kons K, Läspä O. 2013. Operational studies of a chain flail debarker. Bullettin 08.05. 2013.Forest Refine Project, Biofuel Region; [ cited 2014 Sep]. Available from: http://www.biofuelregion.se
   Google Scholar
• Kuitto PJ, Keskinen S, Lindroos J, Oijala T, Rajamäki J, Räsänen T, Terävä J. 1994. Puutavaran koneellinen hakkuu ja metsäkuljetus. [Mechanized cutting and forest haulage.] Metsäteho Report 410. 38 p. (In Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Laitila J, Asikainen A, Nuutinen Y. 2007. Forwarding of whole trees after manual and mechanized felling bunching in pre-commercial thinnings. Int J For. Eng. 18:29–39.
   Google Scholar
• Laitila J, Kärhä K, Jylhä P. 2009. Time consumption models and parameters for off- and on-road transportation of whole-tree bundles. Baltic For. 15:105–114.
   Google Scholar
• Laitila J, Ranta T, Asikainen A. 2008. Productivity of stump harvesting for fuel. Int J Forest Eng. 19:37–47.
   Google Scholar
• Laitila J, Väätäinen K. 2012. Truck transportation and chipping productivity of whole trees and delimbed energy wood in Finland. Croat J For Eng. 33:199–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson KN. 2011. Stubbtransporter - en jämförelse av tre olika transportsystem [Transport of stump wood - a comparison of three different transport systems]. Arbetsrapport 320/2011. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet Institutionen för skoglig resurshushållning. 36 p. (In Swedish with English abstract). Available from: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se/2591/1/Larsson_KN_110510.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ligné D, Eliasson L, Nordfjell T. 2005. Time consumption and damage to the remaining stock in mechanized and motor manual pre-commercial thinning. Silva Fennica. 39:455–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg D. 2008. Stubbtransporter och bränslekvalitet hos stubbved [Stump transport and fuel quality in stump wood]. Arbetsrapport 220/2008. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen för skoglig resurshushållning. 37 p. (In Swedish with English abstract). Available from: http://ex-epsilon.slu.se/2472/1/Arbetsrapport_220.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lindholm E-L, Berg S. 2005. Energy requirement and environmental impact in timber transport. Scand J For Res. 20:184–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm E-L, Berg S, Hansson P-A. 2010. Energy efficiency and the environmental impact of harvesting stumps and logging residues. Eur J For Res. 129:1223–1235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liss JE, Johansson J. 2006. Utvärdering av nytt ekipage för vidaretransport av bränsleflis [Evaluation of new trucks for transportation of fuel chips]. Högskolan Dalarna, Inst. för matematik, naturvetenskap och teknik, Garpenberg. Arbetsdokument nr 3. 23 p. (In Swedish). Available from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:523013/FULLTEXT01.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lundmark R 2009. Utbudet av biobränslen på kort och lång sikt. [The supply of biofuels in the short and long term]. Report ER 2009:13. Swedish energy agency, Eskilstuna, Sweden. ISBN . 60 p. (In Swedish)
   Google Scholar
• Murphy F, Devlin G, McDonnell K. 2014. Forest biomass supply chains in Ireland: A life cycle assessment of GHG emissions and primary energy balances. Appl Energy. 116:1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordfjell T, Björheden R, Thor M, Wästerlund I. 2010. Changes in technical performance, mechanical availability and prices of machines used in forest operations in Sweden from 1985 to 2010. Scand J For Res. 25:382–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurmi J. 2007. Recovery of logging residues for energy from spruce (Pices abies) dominated stands. Biomass Bioenerg. 31:375–380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurminen T, Heinonen J. 2007. Characteristics and time consumption of timber trucking in Finland. Silva Fennica. 41:471–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurminen T, Korpunen H, Uusitalo J. 2009. Applying the activity-based costing to cut-to-length timber harvesting and trucking. Silva Fennica. 43:847–870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollas R 1980. Nya utbytesfunktioner för träd och bestånd [New yield functions for trees and stands]. Forskningsstiftelsen Skogsarbeten, Ekonomi no 5. 4 p. Stockholm. (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Pelkonen P, Mustonen M, Asikainen A, Egnell G, Kant P, Leduc S, Pettenella D, editors. 2014. Forest Bioenergy for Europe. What Science can tell us. European Forest Institute. 109 p. Available from: http://www.efi.int/portal/virtual_library/publications/what_science_can_tell_us/
   Google Scholar
• Petersson H. 1999. Biomassafunktioner for tradfraktioner av tall, gran och bjork i Sverige [Biomass functions per tree fraction for Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch in Sweden]. Working Rep. No. 59. Umea°: Department of Forest Resource Analysis and Geomatics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 31 p. (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Petersson H, Ståhl G. 2006. Functions for below-ground biomass of Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pendula and Betula pubescens in Sweden. Scand J For Res. 21:84–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routa J, Asikainen A, Björheden R, Laitila J, Röser D. 2013. Forest energy procurement: State of the art in Finland and Sweden. Wiley Interdiscip Rev: Energy Environ. 2:602–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routa J, Kolström M, Ruotsalainen J, Sikanen L. 2015. Precision measurement of forest harvesting residue moisture change and dry matter losses by constant weight monitoring. Int J For Eng. 26:71–83.
   Google Scholar
• Sängstuvall L, Bergström D, Lämås T, Nordfjell T. 2012. Simulation of harvester productivity in selective and boom-corridor thinning of young forests. Scand J For Res. 27:56–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SFA-Swedish Forest Agency (Skogsstyrelsen). 2008. Skogliga konsekvensanalyser 2008. [Forest impact analyses 2008]. SKA-VB 08. Rapport 25. Available from: http://shop.textalk.se/shop/9098/art66/4646166-79b6f0-1812.pdf
   Google Scholar
• SFA-Swedish Forest Agency (Skogsstyrelsen). 2012. Swedish statistical yearbook of forestry 2012. Jönköping, Sweden: Swedish Forest Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Skogforsk. 2010. Efficient forest fuel Supply Systems. Available from: http://www.skogforsk.se/ess-rapport
   Google Scholar
• Södestrom J. 2006. Upparbetning av grot i semimobila terminaler [Processing logging residues in semi-mobile terminals]. Delrapport inom projektet”Samverkan för utveckling och förädling av regionens outnyttjade skogsresurser”. Energidalen AB i Sollefteå. 27 p. (In Swedish with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Sörensson R, Jonsson A. 2014. Företag inom svensk massa- och pappersindustri [Companies within the Swedish pulp and paper industry]. VINNOVA Analysis VA 2014:08, September 2014. Stockholm: Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems. ISBN: 978-91-87537-120-2. 70 p (In Swedish with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Tahvanainen T, Anttila P. 2011. Supply chain cost analysis of long-distance transportation of energy wood in Finland. Biomass Bioenerg. 35:3360–3375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahvanainen T, Forss E. 2008. Individual tree models for the crown biomass distribution of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch in Finland. For Ecol Manage. 255:455–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Hofsten H. 2011. An interactive tool for system analysis. In: Skogforsk. 2010. Efficient forest fuel Supply Systems. Composite report from a for year R&D programme 2007-2010. Uppsala, Sweden: Skogforsk. ISBN: 978-91-977649-4-0.
   Google Scholar
• Von Hofsten H, Granlund P 2010. Effektivare transporter om stubbarna grovkrossas på avlägg [Effective transportation of stumps pre-crushed at the forest landing]. Resultat från Skogfrosk nr. 2. Uppsala. 4 p. (In Swedish with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Walmsley JD, Godbold DL. 2010. Stump harvesting for bioenergy – a review of the environmental impacts. Forestry. 83:17–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson WF, Twaddle AA, Hudson JB. 1993. Review of chain flail delimbing-debarking. Int J For Eng. 4:37–52.
   Google Scholar
• Wecalc. Wood Energy Calculations. [ cited 2014 Sep]. Available from: http://woodenergy.sites.djangoeurope.com/conversion/
   Google Scholar