Harvesting forest biomass in the US southern Rocky Mountains: cost and production rates of five ground-based forest operations

References

• [BLS] Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 2018. Consumer price index inflation calculator. [accessed 2018 Aug]. https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm
   Google Scholar
• [USFS Machine rate calculator] USFS Southern Research Station. 2018. Machine rate calculator Excel spreadsheet. [accessed 2018 Dec 8]. https://srs.fs.usda.gov/forestops/tools/.
   Google Scholar
• Adebayo AB, Han H, Johnson L. 2007. Productivity and cost of cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting in a mixed-conifer stand. Forest Prod J. 57(6):59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen CD, Savage M, Falk DA, Suckling KF, Swetnam TW, Schulke T, Stacey PB, Morgan P, Hoffman M, Klingel JT. 2002. Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: a broad perspective. Ecol Appl. 12(5):1418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson N, Chung W, Loeffler D, Jones JG. 2012. A productivity and cost comparison of two systems for producing biomass fuel from roadside forest treatment residues. For Prod J. 62(3):222–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker P, Jensen J, Meinert D. 2006. Conventional and mechanized logging compared for Ozark hardwood forest thinning: productivity, economics, and environmental impact. Northern J App Forestry. 23(4):264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belbo H, Vivestad H. 2018. Predicting delay factors when chipping wood at forest roadside landings. Int J For Eng. 29(2):128–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell CK, Keefe RF, Fried JS. 2017. OpCost: an open-source system for estimating costs of stand-level forest operations. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
   Google Scholar
• Brinker RW, Kinard J, Rummer R, Lanford B. 2002. Machine rates for selected forest harvesting machines. Auburn (AL): Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University; p. 32.
   Google Scholar
• Covington W, Moore M. 1994. Southwestern ponderosa pine forest structure: changes since Euro-American settlement. J For. 92(1):39–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Fulvio F, Abbas D, Spinelli R, Acuna M, Ackerman P, Lindroos O. 2017. Benchmarking technical and cost factors in forest felling and processing operations in different global regions during the period 20132014. Int J For Eng. 28(2):94–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson E, Hayes S, Meek J, Keyes CR. 2015. Montana logging machine rates. Int J For Eng. 26(2):85–95.
   Google Scholar
• Grebner DL, Grace LA, Stuart W, Gilliland DP. 2005. A practical framework for evaluating hauling costs. Int J for Eng. 16(2):115–128.
   Google Scholar
• Hampton HM, Sesnie SE, Dickson BG, Rundall JM, Sisk TD, Snider GB, Bailey JD. 2008. Analysis of small-diameter wood supply in northern Arizona. Forest Ecosystem Restoration Analysis Project. Center for Environmental Sciences and Education, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ.
   Google Scholar
• Han H, Lee HW, Johnson LR. 2004. Economic feasibility of an integrated harvesting system for small-diameter trees in southwest Idaho. For Prod J. 54(2):21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han S, Han H, Page-Dumroese DS, Johnson LR. 2009. Soil compaction associated with cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting of a coniferous forest. Canadian J for Res. 39(5):976–989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanzelka NC, Bolding MC, Sullivan J, Barrett SM. 2016. Productivity and costs of utilizing small-diameter stems in a biomass-only harvest. Int J For Eng. 27(1):43–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins JC, Chojnacky DC, Heath LS, Birdsey RA. 2003. National-scale biomass estimators for United States tree species. For Sci. 49(1):12.
   Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Chung W, Han H, Anderson NM. 2017. Effect of downed trees on harvesting productivity and costs in beetle-killed stands. For Sci. 63(6):596–605.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas AM, Kim Y, Greco B, Becker DR, Hjerpe EE, Abrams J. 2017. Social and economic contributions of the White Mountain Stewardship Project: final 10-year assessment—lessons learned and implications for future forest management initiatives. J For. 115(6):548–558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyata ES. 1980. Determining fixed and operating costs of logging equipment. St. Paul (MN): GTR NC-55. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen ED, Kellogg LD. 1983. Comparison of time-study techniques for evaluating logging production. Trans ASAE. 26(6):1665–1668.
   Google Scholar
• Reddish RP, Baker SA, Greene WD. 2011. Improving log trucking efficiency by using in-woods scales. Southern J App For. 35(4):178.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds RT, Sánchez Meador AJ, Youtz JA, Nicolet T, Matonis MS, Jackson PL, DeLorenzo DG, Graves AD. 2013. Restoring composition and structure in Southwestern frequent-fire forests: A science-based framework for improving ecosystem resiliency. Fort Collins (CO): U.S. Dept of Ag, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-310. p. 76.
   Google Scholar
• Santiago RA, Gallagher T, Smidt M, Mitchell D. 2018. Coppicing evaluation in the southern USA to determine harvesting methods for bioenergy production. Int J For Eng. 29(2):138–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorenson CB, Hayes SW, Morgan TA, Simmons EA, Scudder MG, McIver CP, Thompson MT. 2016. The four corners timber harvest and forest products industry, 2012. Fort Collins (CO): U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Res. Bull. RMRS-RB-21. p. 62.
   Google Scholar
• Stanturf JA, Young TM, Perdue JH, Doughetry D, Pigott M, Guo Z, Huang X. 2017. Potential profitability zones for Populus spp. biomass plantings in the eastern United States. For Sci. 63(6):586–595.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson MP, Anderson NM. 2015. Modeling fuel treatment impacts on fire suppression cost savings: a review. Calif Agric. 69(3):164–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson MP, Riley KL, Loeffler D, Haas JR. 2017. Modeling fuel treatment leverage: encounter rates, risk reduction, and suppression cost impacts. Forests. 8(12):469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson MP, Vaillant NM, Haas JR, Gebert KM, Stockmann KD. 2013. Quantifying the potential impacts of fuel treatments on wildfire suppression costs. J For. 111(1):49–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitorelo B, Han H, Elliot W. 2011. Productivity and cost of integrated harvesting for fuel reduction thinning in mixed-conifer forest. For Prod J. 61(8):664–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora-Cristales R, Sessions J, Boston K, Murphy G. 2015. Economic optimization of forest biomass processing and transport in the Pacific Northwest USA. For Sci. 61(2):220–234.
   Google Scholar