Insights on different analysis techniques in the monothermal and bithermal caloric test – which parameter should we use to quantify vestibular function?

References

• Barany R. 1906. Investigations into the rhythmical nystagmus and associated observations induced by the reflex of the vestibular apparatus of the ear; a contribution for the physiology and pathology of the semi-circular canal apparatus. Monatsschr Ohrenheilkd Laryngorhinol, 40, 193–297.
   Google Scholar
• Baloh R.W., Sills A.W. & Honrubia V. 1977. Caloric testing. 3. Patients with peripheral and central vestibular lesions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl, 86, 24–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker G.D. & Clemis J. 1979. Monothermal upright inverted caloric test. Am J Otol, 1, 100–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein L. 1965. Simplification of clinical caloric test. Arch Otolaryng, 81, 347–350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertolini G., Ramat S., Laurens J., Bockish C.J., Marti S., et al. 2011. Velocity storage contribution to vestibular self-motion perception in healthy human subjects. J Neurophysiol, 105, 209–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Society of Audiology Recommended procedure for the caloric test. 2010. Retrieved from: https://www.bsa.org.uk [last accessed June 2016].
   Google Scholar
• Bronstein A.M., Patel M. & Arshad Q. 2015. A brief review of the clinical anatomy of the vestibular-ocular connections-how much do we know? Eye (Lond), 29, 163–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush M.L., Bingcang C.M., Chang E.T., Fornwalt B., Rayle C., et al. 2013. Hot or cold? Is monothermal caloric testing useful and cost-effective? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 122, 412–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen H., Cohen B., Paphan T. & Waespe E. 1977. Habituation and adaptation of the vestibuloocular reflex: a model of differential control by the vestibulocerebellum. Exp Brain Res, 90, 526–538.
   Google Scholar
• Cunha L., Felipe L., Carvalho S., Labanca L., Tavarares M., et al. 2010. Validity of the monothermal caloric testing when compared to bithermal stimulation. Pro Fono , 22(1), 67–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dai M., Klein A., Cohen B. & Raphan T. 1999. Model-based study of the human cupular time constant. J Vestib Res, 9, 293–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayal V., Farkashidy J. & Kuzin B. 1973. Clinical evaluation of the hot caloric test as a screening procedure. Laryngoscope, 83, 1433–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demer J. & Robinson D. 1983. Different time constants for optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus with a single velocity storage element. Brain Res., 276, 173–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enticott J., Dowell R. & O’Leary S. 2003. A comparison of the monothermal and bithermal caloric tests. J Vestibul Res, 13, 113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farid S.A., El-Abd S.M. & Abou-Elew M.H. 2003. Monothermal caloric test its value in assessment of vestibular function. Int Congr Series, 1240, 1319–1324.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald G. & Hallpike C. 1942. Studies in human vestibular function: 1. Observations on the directional preponderance of caloric nystagmus resulting from cerebral lesions. Brain, 65, 115–137.
   Google Scholar
• Fluur E. & Meddel L. 1973. Relation between strength of stimulus and nystagmus frequency in patients with Meniére's disease. Acta Otolaryngol, 76, 32–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart 1965. The value of the hot caloric test. Laryngoscope, 75, 302–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongkees L., Maas J. & Philipszoon A. 1962. Clinical nystagmography. A detailed study of electro-nystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo. Practica Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel), 24, 65–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobson G. & Means E. 1985. Efficacy of a monothermal warm water caloric screening test. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 94, 377–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson G., Calder J., Shepherd V., Rupp K. & Newman C. 1995. Reappraisal of the monothermal warm caloric screening test. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 104, 942–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson G., McCaslin D., Patel S., Barin K. & Ramadan N.M. 2004. Functional and anatomical correlates of impaired velocity storage. J Am Acad Audiol, 15, 324–333.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jongkees L., Maas J. & Philippsen A. 1962. Clinical nystagmography. A detailed study of electro-nystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo. Pract Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel), 24, 65–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keith R., Pensak M. & Katbamna B. 1991. Prediction of bithermal caloric response from monothermal stimulation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 104, 499–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh R. & Zee D. 2006. The Neurology of Eye Movements. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lightfoot G., Barker F., Belcher K., Kennedy V., Nassar G., et al. 2009. The derivation of optimum criteria for use in the monothermal caloric screening test. Ear Hear, 30, 54–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luxon L. 1995. Comparison of assessment of caloric nystagmus by observation of duration and by electronystagmographic measurement of slow-phase velocity. Br J Audiol, 29, 107–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maire R., Daoui B. & Van Melle G. 2000. Evaluation of the caloric test by combining 3 response parameters. Otalaryngol Head Neck Surg., 122, 14–20.
   Google Scholar
• Mulch G., Leonardy B. & Petermann W. 1978. Which are the parameters of choice from the evaluation of caloric nystagmus? Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 221, 23–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murnane O. 2009. Monothermal caloric screening test performance: a relative operating characteristic curve analysis. Ear Hear, 30, 313–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norre M. 1987. Screening methods for caloric testing. Embase Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci, 12, 161–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphan T., Cohen B. & Matsuo V. 1977. A velocity storage mechanism responsible for optokinetic nystagmus, optokinetic after nystagmus and vestibular nystagmus. In: Bakers R. & Berthoz A. (eds), Control of Gaze by Brain Stem Neurons. New York: Elsevier; pp. 37–47.
   Google Scholar
• Raphan T., Matsuo V. & Cohen B. 1979. Velocity storage in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc (VOR). Exp Brain Res, 35, 229–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson D. 1977. Linear addition of optokinetic and vestibular signals in the vestibular nucleus. Exp Brain Res, 30, 447–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar