439
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Transfer of Juveniles to Adult Court in Canada and the United States: Confused Agendas and Compromised Assessment Procedures

&
Pages 19-37 | Published online: 17 Feb 2012

REFERENCES

  • Allard , H. A. 2000 . A retired youth court judge speaks his mind . Provincial Judges Journal , 24 : 12 – 15 .
  • Andrews , D. A. and Bonta , J. 1994 . The psychology of criminal conduct. Cincinnati , OH : Anderson. .
  • Bala , N. 1989 . Transfer to adult court: The need for increased flexibility in transfer provisions . Criminal Reports Third Series , 69 : 172 – 177 .
  • Bala , N. 1990 . Dealing with violent young offenders: Transfer to adult court and bill C-58 . Canadian Journal of Family Law , 9 : 11 – 37 .
  • Barnum , R. 1987 . Clinical evaluation of juvenile delinquents facing transfer to adult court . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 26 : 922 – 925 .
  • Bennett , W. J. , DiIulio , J. J. and Walters , J. P. 1996 . Body count: Moral poverty and how to win America's war against crime and drugs. New York : Simon and Schuster. .
  • Bishop , D. M. , Frazier , C. E. , Lanza-Kaduce , L. and Winner , L. 1996 . The transfer of juveniles to criminal court: Does it make a difference? . Crime and Delinquency , 42 : 171 – 191 .
  • Blackburn , R. 1998 . “ Psychopathy and personality disorder: Implications of interpersonal theory. ” . In Psychopathy: Theory, research, and implications for society Edited by: Cooke , D. J. , Forth , A. E. and Hare , R. D. 269 – 301 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic. .
  • Bonnie , R. and Grisso , T. 2000 . “ Adjudicative competence and youthful offenders. ” . In Youth on trial: A developmental perspective on juvenile justice Edited by: Grisso , T. and Schwartz , R. 73 – 103 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
  • Bortner , M. A. 1986 . Traditional rhetoric, organizational realities: Remand of juveniles to adult court . Crime and Delinquency , 35 : 53 – 73 .
  • Borum , R. 2000 . Assessing violence risk among youth . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 56 : 1263 – 1288 .
  • Bromwich , R. J. 2002 . Compassion, human rights, and adult sentencing under the YCJA: Guidance for interpretation of the adult sentencing provisions of Canada's new youth justice law . Windsor Review of Legal and Social Issues , 14 : 71 – 113 .
  • Butts , J. A. 1997 . Delinquency cases waived to criminal court, 1985–1994. Fact Sheet #52. Washington , DC : Office of Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention. .
  • Cauffman , E. and Steinberg , L. 2000 . (Im)maturity of judgment in adolescence: Why adolescents may be less culpable than adults . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 18 : 741 – 760 .
  • Children's Defense Fund . 1997 . The state of America's children: Yearbook, 1997. Washington , DC : Author. .
  • Cleckley , H. 1941 . The mask of sanity. St. Louis : Mosby. .
  • Corrado , R. R. , Vincent , G. M. , Hart , S. D. and Cohen , I. M. 2004 . Predictive validity of the psychopathy checklist: Youth version for general and violent recidivism . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 22 : 5 – 22 .
  • Dawson , R. O. 2000 . “ Judicial waiver in theory and practice. ” . In The changing borders of juvenile justice: Transfer of adolescents to the criminal court Edited by: Fagan , J. and Zimring , F. E. 49 – 81 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
  • Edens , J. F. , Skeem , J. L. , Cruise , K. R. and Cauffman , E. 2001 . Assessment of ‘juvenile psychopathy’ and its association with violence: A critical review . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 19 : 53 – 80 .
  • Elliott , D. , Huizinga , D. and Morse , B. 1986 . Self-reported violent offending: A descriptive analysis of juvenile violent offenders and their offending careers . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 1 : 472 – 514 .
  • Ewing , C. P. 1985 . Schall v. Martin: Preventive detention and dangerousness through the looking glass . Buffalo Law Review , 34 : 173 – 226 .
  • Ewing , C. P. 1990 . Juveniles or adults? Forensic assessment of juveniles considered for trial in criminal court . Forensic Reports , 3 : 3 – 13 .
  • Fagan , J. 1996 . The comparative advantage of juvenile versus criminal court sanctions on recidivism among adolescent felony offenders . Law and Policy , 18 : 77 – 113 .
  • Fagan , J. and Zimring , F. E. , eds. 2000 . The changing borders of juvenile justice: Transfer of adolescents to the criminal court. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
  • Feld , B. C. 1987 . The juvenile court meets the principle of the offense: Legislative changes in juvenile waiver statutes . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 78 : 471 – 533 .
  • Feld , B. C. 2000 . “ Legislative exclusion of offenses from juvenile court jurisdiction: A history and critique. ” . In The changing borders of juvenile justice: Transfer of adolescents to the criminal court Edited by: Fagan , J. and Zimring , F. E. 83 – 132 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
  • Forst , M. L. and Blomquist , M. 1991 . Cracking down on juveniles: The changing ideology of youth corrections . Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy , 5 : 323 – 375 .
  • Forst , M. L. , Fagan , J. and Vivona , S. T. 1989 . Youth in prisons and training schools: Perceptions and consequences of the treatment-custody dichotomy . Juvenile and Family Court Journal , 40 : 1 – 14 .
  • Forth , A. E. and Burke , H. C. 1998 . “ Psychopathy in adolescence: Assessment, violence, and developmental precursors. ” . In Psychopathy: Theory, research, and implications for society Edited by: Cooke , D. J. , Forth , A. E. and Hare , R. D. 205 – 229 . Dordrecht , , the Netherlands : Kluwer Academic. .
  • Forth , A. E. , Kosson , D. S. and Hare , R. D. 2003 . Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. Toronto , ON : Multi-Health Systems. .
  • Frick , P. J. 2002 . Juvenile psychopathy from a developmental perspective: Implications for construct development and use in forensic assessments . Law and Human Behavior , 26 : 247 – 253 .
  • Frick , P. J. and Hare , R. D. 2001 . The Antisocial Process Screening Device. Toronto : Multi-Health Systems. .
  • Frick , P. J. , Kimonis , E. R. , Dandreaux , D. M. and Farell , J. M. 2003 . The 4-year stability of psychopathic traits in non-referred youth . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 21 : 713 – 736 .
  • Gottfredson , M. and Hirschi , T. 1990 . A general theory of crime. Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press. .
  • Gretton , H. M. , Hare , R. D. and Catchpole , R. E. H. 2004 . Psychopathy and offending from adolescence to adulthood: A 10-year follow up . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 72 : 636 – 645 .
  • Gretton , H. M. , McBride , M. , Hare , R. D. , O'Shaughnessy , R. and Kumka , G. 2001 . Psychopathy and recidivism in adolescent sex offenders . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 28 : 427 – 449 .
  • Grisso , T. 1998 . Forensic evaluation of juveniles Sarasota , FL : Professional Resource Press. .
  • Grisso , T. 2000 . “ Forensic clinical evaluations related to waiver of jurisdiction. ” . In The changing borders of juvenile justice: Transfer of adolescents to the criminal court Edited by: Fagan , J. and Zimring , F. E. 320 – 351 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
  • Grisso , T. 2003 . “ Forensic evaluation in delinquency cases. ” . In Handbook of psychology: Forensic psychology Edited by: Goldstein , A. M. 315 – 334 . New York : Wiley. .
  • Grisso , T. , Steinberg , L. , Woolard , J. , Cauffman , E. , Scott , E. Graham , S. 2003 . Juveniles' competence to stand trial: A comparison of adolescents' and adults' capacities as trial defendants . Law and Human Behavior , 27 : 333 – 363 .
  • Halikias , W. 2000 . Forensic evaluations of adolescents: Psychosocial and clinical considerations . Adolescence , 35 : 467 – 484 .
  • Halpern-Felsher , B. L. and Cauffman , E. 2001 . Costs and benefits of a decision: Decision-making competence in adolescents and adults . Applied Developmental Psychology , 22 : 257 – 273 .
  • Hamparian , D. M. , Estep , L. K. , Muntean , S. M. , Priestino , R. R. , Swisher , R. G. Wallace , P. L. 1982 . Major issues in juvenile justice information and training: Youth in adult courts: Between two worlds. Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Justice. .
  • Harpur , T. J. and Hare , R. D. 1994 . Assessment of psychopathy as a function of age . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 103 : 604 – 609 .
  • Howell , J. C. , Krisberg , B. and Jones , M. 1995 . “ Trends in juvenile crime and youth violence. ” . In A sourcebook: Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders Edited by: Howell , J. , Krisberg , B. , Hawkins , J. and Wilson , J. 1 – 35 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage. .
  • 1967 . In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1
  • Jaffe , P. G. 1985 . Young offenders' system tougher than adult court . Ontario Lawyers Weekly , 5 : 4
  • Juvenile Delinquents Act, S.C . 1908 .
  • Juvenile Delinquents Act, R.S.C . 1970 .
  • 1966 . Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541
  • Kosson , D. S. , Cyterski , T. D. , Steuerwald , B. L. , Neumann , C. S. and Walker-Matthews , S. 2002 . The reliability and validity of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version in non-incarcerated adolescent males . Psychological Assessment , 14 : 97 – 109 .
  • Kruh , I. P. and Brodsky , S. L. 1997 . Clinical evaluations for transfer of juveniles to criminal court: Current practices and future research . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 15 : 151 – 165 .
  • Leistico , A. R. and Salekin , R. T. 2003 . Testing the reliability and validity of the risk, sophistication-maturity, and treatment amenability instrument (RST-i): An assessment tool for juvenile offenders . International Journal of Forensic Mental Health , 2 : 101 – 117 .
  • Loeber , R. and Farrington , D. , eds. 1998 . Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions. Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage. .
  • Lynam , D. R. 1997 . Pursuing the psychopath: Capturing the fledgling psychopath in a nomological net . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 6 : 425 – 438 .
  • Mash , E. and Barkley , R. 1996 . Child psychopathology. New York : Guilford Press. .
  • Meloy , J. R. 1995 . “ Antisocial personality disorder. ” . In Treatment of psychiatric disorders, , 2nd ed. Edited by: Gabbard , G. Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press. .
  • Melton , G. B. , Petrila , J. , Poythress , N. G. and Slobogin , C. 1997 . Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers, , 2nd ed. New York : Guilford Press. .
  • Moffitt , T. E. 1993 . Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy . Psychological Review , 100 : 674 – 701 .
  • Monahan , J. 1981 . The clinical prediction of violent behavior. Rockville , MD : National Institute of Mental Health. .
  • Monahan , J. 1982 . “ The prediction of violent behavior: Developments in psychology and law. ” . In The master lecture series (Vol. 2): Psychology and the law Edited by: Scheirer , C. J. and Hammonds , B. L. 151 – 176 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association. .
  • Mulford , C. F. , Reppucci , N. D. , Mulvey , E. P. , Woolard , J. L. and Portwood , S. L. 2004 . Legal issues affecting mentally disordered and developmentally delayed youth in the justice system . International Journal of Forensic Mental Health , 3 : 3 – 22 .
  • Myers , D. L. 2001 . Excluding violent youths from juvenile court: The effectiveness of legislative waiver. New York : LFB Scholarly. .
  • Myers , D. L. 2003 . Adult crime, adult time: Punishing violent youth in the adult criminal justice system . Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice , 1 : 173 – 197 .
  • National Council on Crime and Delinquency . 1991 . Juvenile justice policy statement. San Francisco : Author. .
  • Odgers , C. L. , Moretti , M. M. and Reppucci , N. D. 2005 . Examining the science and practice of violence risk assessment with female adolescents . Law and Human Behaviour , 29 : 7 – 27 .
  • Osofsky , J. D. 2001 . Addressing youth victimization. Bulletin: Action Plan Series. Washington , DC : Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. .
  • Platt , A. 1977 . The child savers: The invention of delinquency, , 2nd ed. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
  • Podkopacz , M. R. 1996 . The juvenile court's final decision: An empirical examination of transferring juveniles to adult court , Doctoral dissertation University of Minnesota. . Dissertation Abstracts International.
  • Podkopacz , M. R. and Feld , B. C. 1996 . The end of the line: An empirical study of judicial waiver . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 86 : 449 – 492 .
  • Puzzanchera , C. , Stahl , A. L. , Finnegan , T. A. , Tierney , N. and Snyder , H. N. 2003 . Juvenile Court Statistics 1998. Washington , DC : Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. .
  • 1992 . R. v. G.J.M. No. 130 (Alta Q.B.)
  • 1994 . R. v. G.R., No. 286 (Nfld. Yuv. Ct.)
  • 1983 . R. v. Lyver No. 42 (P.E.I.R.)
  • 1986 . R. v. White No. 852 (B.C.C.A)
  • Redding , R. 2003 . The effects of adjudicating and sentencing juveniles as adults: Research and policy implications . Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice , 1 : 128 – 155 .
  • Redding , R. and Frost , L. 2002 . Adjudicative competence in the modern juvenile court . Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law , 9 : 353 – 410 .
  • Regnery , A. S. 1985 . Getting away with murder: Why the juvenile justice system needs an overhaul . Policy Review , 34 : 65 – 69 .
  • Ruddell , R. , Mays , G. L. and Giever , D. M. 1998 . Transferring juveniles to adult courts: Recent trends and issues in Canada and the United States . Juvenile and Family Court Journal , 49 : 1 – 15 .
  • Rudman , C. , Harstone , E. , Fagan , J. and Moore , M. 1986 . Violent youth in adult court: Process and punishment . Crime and Delinquency , 32 : 75 – 96 .
  • Salekin , R. T. 2002a . Clinical evaluation of youth considered for transfer to adult criminal court: Refining practice and directions for science . Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice , 2 : 55 – 72 .
  • Salekin , R. T. 2002b . “ Juvenile transfer to adult court: How can developmental and child psychology inform policy decision making?. ” . In Children, social science, and U.S. law. Edited by: Bottoms , B. L. , Kovera , M. B. and McAuliff , B. D. New York : Cambridge University Press. .
  • Salekin , R. T. 2004 . Risk-Sophistication-Treatment Inventory. Lutz , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources. .
  • Salekin , R. T. , Rogers , R. and Ustad , K. L. 2001 . Juvenile waiver to adult criminal courts: Prototypes for dangerousness, sophistication-maturity, and amenability to treatment . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 7 : 381 – 480 .
  • Salekin , R. T. , Yff , R. M. A. , Neumann , C. S. , Leistico , A. R. and Zalot , A. A. 2002 . Juvenile transfer to adult courts: A look at the prototypes for dangerousness, sophistication-maturity, and amenability to treatment through a legal lens . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 8 : 373 – 410 .
  • Scott , E. S. 2002 . “ The legal construction of childhood. ” . In A century of juvenile justice Edited by: Rosenheim , M. K. , Zimring , F. E. , Tanenhaus , D. S. and Dohrn , B. 113 – 141 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
  • Scott , E. , Reppucci , N. D. and Woolard , J. 1995 . Evaluating adolescent decision making in legal contexts . Law and Human Behavior , 19 : 221 – 244 .
  • Seagrave , D. and Grisso , T. 2002 . Adolescent development and the measurement of juvenile psychopathy . Law and Human Behavior , 26 : 219 – 239 .
  • Sheffer , J. P. 1995 . Serious and habitual juvenile offender statutes: Reconciling punishment and rehabilitation within the juvenile justice system . Vanderbilt Law Review , 48 : 479 – 492 .
  • Siegel , L. J. and Sienna , J. J. 1981 . Juvenile delinquency: Theory, practice, and law. St. Paul , MN : West Publishing Company. .
  • Snyder , H. N. 2003 . Juvenile arrests 2001. Juvenile justice bulletin. Washington , DC : Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. .
  • Snyder , H. N. 2004 . Juvenile arrests 2002. Juvenile justice bulletin. Washington , DC : Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. .
  • Snyder , H. N. and Sickmund , M. 1999 . Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report. Washington , DC : National Center for Juvenile Justice. .
  • Snyder , H. N. , Sickmund , M. and Poe-Yamagata , E. 1996 . Juvenile offenders and victims: 1996 update on violence. Washington , DC : Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. .
  • Sprott , J. 2001 . Media portrayal of youth crime: What the media reports and what Canadians believe . Interaction , 14 November : 25 – 26 . 41 – 42 .
  • Stahl , A. L. 2003 . Delinquency cases in juvenile courts, 1999. Fact Sheet #02. Washington , DC : Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. .
  • Steinberg , L. and Cauffman , E. 2000 . “ A developmental perspective on jurisdictional boundary. ” . In The changing borders of juvenile justice: Transfer of adolescents to the criminal court Edited by: Fagan , J. and Zimring , F. E. 379 – 406 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
  • Steinberg , L. and Scott , E. S. 2003 . Less guilty by reason of adolescence: Developmental immaturity, diminished responsibility, and the juvenile death penalty . American Psychologist , 58 : 1009 – 1018 .
  • Sternberg , R. J. 2000 . Implicit theories of intelligence as exemplar stories of success: Why intelligence test validity is in the eye of the beholder . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 6 : 159 – 167 .
  • Strom , K. J. , Smith , S. K. and Snyder , H. 1998 . Juvenile felony defendants in criminal courts. Bureau of Justice Statistics special report. Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. .
  • Stuart , D. 1989 . Transfer to adult court: Abolish transfer and increase Y.O.A. maximum . Criminal Reports Third Series , 69 : 177 – 180 .
  • Tanenhaus , D. S. 2002 . “ The evolution of juvenile courts in the early twentieth century: Beyond the myth of immaculate construction. ” . In A century of juvenile justice Edited by: Rosenheim , M. K. , Zimring , F. E. , Tanenhaus , D. S. and Dohrn , B. 42 – 73 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
  • Thornberry , T. P. , Huizinga , D. and Loeber , R. 1995 . “ The prevention of serious delinquency and violence. ” . In A sourcebook: Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders Edited by: Howell , J. , Krisberg , B. , Hawkins , J. and Wilson , J. 213 – 237 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage. .
  • Trepanier , J. 1999 . Juvenile delinquency and youth protection: The historical foundations of the Canadian Juvenile Delinquents Act of 1908 . European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice , 7 : 41 – 62 .
  • Ullman , R. P. 2000 . Federal juvenile waiver practices: A contextual approach to the consideration of prior delinquency records . Fordham Law Review , 68 : 1329 – 1369 .
  • Viljoen , J. L. , Vincent , G. M. and Roesch , R. Assessing preadolescent and adolescent defendants' adjudicative competence: Interrater reliability and factor structure of the Fitness Interview Test . Criminal Justice and Behavior. , (in press)
  • Vincent , G. M. and Hart , S. D. 2002 . “ Psychopathy in childhood and adolescence: Implications for the assessment and management of multi-problem youths. ” . In Multi-problem violent youth: A foundation for comparative research on needs, interventions and outcomes Edited by: Corrado , R. R. , Roesch , R. , Hart , S. D. and Gieroski , J. 150 – 163 . Amsterdam : IOS Press. .
  • Walker , S. 1998 . Sense and nonsense about crime and drugs, , 4th ed Belmont , CA : Wadsworth. .
  • Weatherly , D. L. 1990 . “ Legal intervention with juvenile offenders. ” . In Violent behavior: Volume I: Assessment and intervention Edited by: Hertzberg , L. J. , Ostrum , G. F. and Field , J. R. 315 – 330 . Great Neck , NY : PMA Publishing. .
  • Winner , L. , Lanza-Kaduce , L. , Bishop , D. M. and Frazier , C. E. 1997 . The transfer of juveniles to criminal court: Reexamining recidivism over the long term . Crime and Delinquency , 43 : 548 – 563 .
  • Wu , B. 2000 . Determinants of public opinion toward juvenile waiver decisions . Juvenile and Family Court Journal , 50 : 9 – 20 .
  • Yekel , J. F. 1997 . Violent juvenile offenders: Rethinking federal intervention in juvenile justice . Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law , 331 : 335 – 372 .
  • Young Offenders Act, R.S.C . 1985 .
  • Youth Criminal Justice Act, R.S.C . 2003 .
  • Zimring , F. E. and Hawkins , G. 1995 . Incapacitation: Penal confinement and the restraint of crime. New York : Oxford University Press. .
  • Zinger , I. and Forth , A. E. 1998 . Psychopathy and Canadian criminal proceedings: The potential for human rights abuses . Canadian Journal of Criminology , 40 : 237 – 276 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.