Do the Static-99 and Static-99R Perform Similarly for White, Black, and Latino Sexual Offenders?

REFERENCES

• Abbott , B. A. 2009 . Applicability of the new Static-99 experience tables in sexually violent predator risk assessments . Sex Offender Treatment , 4 ( 1 ) Retrieved from http://www.sexual-offender-treatment.org/1-2009_03.html
   Google Scholar
• Ahrens , C. E. , Rios-Mandel , L. C. , Isas , L. and Lopez , M. D. C. 2010 . Talking about interpersonal violence: Cultural influences on Latinas’ identification and disclosure of sexual assault and intimate partner violence . Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy , 2 : 284 – 295 . doi: 10.1037/a0018605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education . 1999 . Standards for educational and psychological testing , Washington , DC : American Educational Research Association .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association . 2002 . Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct . American Psychologist , 57 : 1060 – 1073 . doi: 10-1037//0003-066X.57.12.1060
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Psychology-Law Society . 2011 . Specialty guidelines for forensic psychology Retrieved from http://www.ap-ls.org/aboutpsychlaw/SGFP_Final_Approved_2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Austin , J. , Peyton , J. and Johnson , K. D. 2003 . Reliability and validity study of the Static-99/RRASOR sex offender risk assessment instruments Retrieved from National Institute of Corrections website: http://nicic.gov/Library/022957
   Google Scholar
• Babchishin , K. M. , Blais , J. and Helmus , L. 2012 . Do static risk factors predict differently for Aboriginal sex offenders? A multi-site comparison using the original and revised Static-99 and Static-2000 scales . Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice , 54 : 1 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartosh , D. L. , Garby , T. , Lewis , D. and Gray , S. 2003 . Differences in the predictive validity of actuarial risk assessments in relation to sex offender type . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 47 : 422 – 438 . doi: 10.1177/0306624x03253850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boccaccini , M. T. , Murrie , D. C. , Caperton , J. and Hawes , S. 2009 . Field validity of the STATIC-99, and MnSOST-R among sex offenders evaluated for commitment as sexually violent predators . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 15 : 278 – 314 . doi: 10.1037/a0017232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boccaccini , M. T. , Murrie , D. C. , Mercado , C. , Quesada , S. , Hawes , S. , Rice , A. and Jeglic , E. 2012 . Implications of Static-99 field reliability findings for score use and interpretation . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 39 : 42 – 58 . doi: 10.1177/0093854811427131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boccaccini , M. T. , Turner , D. , Murrie , D. C. and Rufino , K. A. 2012 . Do scores from state or defense evaluators best predict future misconduct among civilly committed sex offenders? . Law and Human Behavior , 36 : 159 – 169 . doi: 10.1007/s10979-011-9281-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown , J. A. 2003 . A comparison of actuarial methods of predicting sexual dangerousness , Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) (UMI No. 3120894)
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics . 2011 . [Race of Incarcerated Males by State] , Unpublished raw data .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , T. W. and DeClue , G. 2010 . Maximizing predictive accuracy in sexually violent predator evaluations . Open Access Journal of Forensic Psychology , 2 : 148 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Carrasco , N. and Garza-Louis , D. 1997 . “ Hispanic sex offenders: Cultural characteristics and implications for treatment ” . In The sex offender: New insights, treatment innovations and legal developments , Edited by: Schwartz , B. K. and Cellini , H. R. 13 – 1 . 13 – 10 . Kingston , NJ : Civic Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , R. D. 2011 . Predicting recidivism of the convicted sexual offender using the polygraph and the Static-99 , Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) (UMI No. 3445252)
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , V. L. 2009 . Exploring the validity of empirically-identified risk factors in a sample of inmates who were under review for civil commitment as potentially sexually dangerous persons , Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) (UMI No. 3385491)
   Google Scholar
• Epperson , D. L. 2003 . Validation of the MnSOST-R, STATIC99, and RRASOR with North Dakota prison and probation samples , Unpublished Technical Assistance Report, North Dakota Division of Parole and Probation Report .
   Google Scholar
• Flores de Apodaca , R. , Schultz , J. M. , Anderson , A. N. and McLennan , M. D . 2005 . Young, unassimilated Hispanic offenders: Absolutist vs. relativist cultural assumptions . Sexuality & Culture , 9 ( 3 ) : 3 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanley , J. A. and McNeil , B. J. 1982 . The meaning and use of the area under a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve . Radiology , 143 : 29 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , R. K. , Harris , A. J. R. , Scott , T. L. and Helmus , L. 2007 . Assessing the risk of sexual offenders on community supervision: The Dynamic Supervision Project , Ottawa, Ontario , , Canada : Public Safety Canada . (Corrections Research User Report No. 2007-05)
   Google Scholar
• Hanson , R. K. and Morton-Bourgon , K. E. 2009 . The accuracy of recidivism risk assessments for sexual offenders: A meta-analysis . Psychological Assessment , 21 : 1 – 21 . doi: 10.1037/a0014421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , R. K. and Thornton , D. 2000 . Improving risk assessments for sex offenders: A comparison of three actuarial scales . Law and Human Behavior , 24 : 119 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , R. K. and Thornton , D. 2003 . Notes on the development of the Static-2002 , Ottawa : Department of the Solicitor General of Canada . Retrieved from http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/res/cor/rep/_fl/2003-01-not-sttc-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hare , R. D. 2003 . The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised , (2nd ed.) , Toronto, Ontario , , Canada : Multi-Health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , A. , Phenix , A. , Hanson , R. K. and Thornton , D. 2003 . Coding rules for the Static-99 Revised-2003. Corrections Research: Manuals and Forms , Ottawa : Department of the Solicitor General of Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Helmus , L. 2009 . Re-norming Static-99 recidivism estimates: Exploring base rate variability across sex offender samples (Unpublished master's thesis). Retrieved from http://www.static99.org/pdfdocs/helmus2009-09static-99normsmathesis.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Helmus , L. , Thornton , D. , Hanson , R. K. and Babchishin , K. M. 2012 . Improving the predictive accuracy of Static-99 and Static-2002 with older sex offenders: Revised age weights . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 24 : 64 – 101 . doi: 10.1177/1079063211409951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson , S. A. 2003 . The Static-99 and community notification in Tarrant County , Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database . (Unpublished master's thesis) (UMI No. 1418170)
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , R. L. and Hess , D. T. 2007 . Evaluation of civil commitment of sex offenders: A survey of experts . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 19 : 425 – 448 . doi: 10.1177/107906320701900407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez , J. A. and Abreu , J. M. 2003 . Race and sex effects on attitudinal perceptions of acquaintance rape . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 50 : 252 – 256 . doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen , S. H. 2007 . Accuracy of predictions of sexual offense recidivism: A comparison of actuarial and clinical methods , Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) (UMI No. 3255527)
   Google Scholar
• Knight , R. A. and Thornton , D. 2007 . Evaluating and improving risk assessment schemes for sexual recidivism: A long-term follow-up of convicted sexual offenders (DOJ Document No. 217618). Retrieved from www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/217618.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Langstrom , N. 2004 . Accuracy of actuarial procedures for assessment of sexual recidivism may vary across ethnicity . Sexual Abuse: a Journal of Research and Treatment , 16 : 107 – 120 . doi: 1079-0632/04/0400- 0107/0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach , M. M. and Oakland , T. 2007 . Ethics standards impacting test development and use: A review of 31 ethics codes impacting practices in 35 countries . International Journal of Testing , 7 : 71 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Marques , J. K. , Wiederanders , M. , Day , D. M. , Nelson , C. and van Ommeren , A. 2005 . Effects of a relapse prevention program on sexual recidivism: Final results from California's Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP) . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 17 : 79 – 107 . doi: 10.1177/107906320501700108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath , R. J. , Lasher , M. P. and Cumming , G. F. 2012 . The Sex Offender Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS): Psychometric properties and incremental predictive validity with the Static-99R . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 24 : 431 – 458 . doi: 10.1177/1079063211432475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath , R. J. , Cumming , G. , Livingston , J. A. and Hoke , S. E. 2003 . Outcome of a treatment program for adult sex offenders: From prison to community . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 18 : 3 – 17 . doi: 10.1177/0886260502238537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Means , J. 2010 . Revisiting risk assessment with sexual offenders: Validation and extension of the STATIC-99 and penile plethysmograph with a community sample (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Pacific University: Hillsboro, OR
   Google Scholar
• Nicholaichuk , T. 2001, November . The comparison of two standardized risk assessment instruments in a sample of Canadian Aboriginal sexual offenders Paper presented at the annual conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, San Antonio, Texas
   Google Scholar
• Perez , D. M. 2007 . An outcome evaluation of the Brunswick Correctional Center Sex Offender Residential Treatment (SORT) program , Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) (UMI No. 3297384)
   Google Scholar
• Pew Hispanic Center . 2011 . Unauthorized immigrant population: National and state trends, 2010 Retrieved from http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/133.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rennison , C. M. 2007 . Reporting to the police by Hispanic victims of violence . Victims and Violence , 22 : 754 – 772 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rennison , C. M. 2010 . An investigation of reporting violence to the police: A focus on Hispanic victims . Journal of Criminal Justice , 38 : 390 – 399 . doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , A. K. , Boccaccini , M. T. and Varela , J. G. 2013, March . How do Static-99 scores differ among White, Black, and Latino offenders? Poster presented at the meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Portland, OR
   Google Scholar
• Rice , M. E. , Harris , G. T. , Lang , C. and Cormier , C. 2006 . Violent sex offenses: How are they best measured from official records? . Law and Human Behavior , 30 : 525 – 541 . doi: 10.1007/s10979-006-9022-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler , J. C. 2010 . The Static-99 and additional research-based risk factors: A statistical theory to improve sex offender risk assessment , Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) (UMI No. 3432541)
   Google Scholar
• Saum , S. W. 2006 . A comparison of an actuarial risk prediction measure (Static-99) and a stable dynamic risk prediction measure (Stable-2000) in making risk predictions for a group of sexual offenders , Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) (UMI No. 3255539)
   Google Scholar
• Singh , J. P. , Grann , M. and Fazel , S. 2011 . A comparative study of violence risk assessment tools: A systematic review and metaregression analysis of 68 studies involving 25,980 participants . Clinical Psychology Review , 31 : 499 – 513 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallbone , S. and Rallings , M. 2013 . Short-Term predictive validity of the Static-99 and Static-99-R for indigenous and nonindigenous Australian sexual offenders . Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , 25 : 302 – 316 . doi: 10.1177/1079063212472937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreenivasan , S. , Garrick , T. , Norris , R. , Cusworth-Walker , S. , Weinberger , L. E. Essres , G. 2007 . Predicting the likelihood of future sexual recidivism: Pilot study findings from a California sex offender risk project and cross-validation of the Static-99 . Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , 35 : 454 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalans , L. J. , Hacker , R. and Talbot , M. E. 2010 . Comparing nonviolent, other-violent, and domestic batterer sex offenders: Predictive accuracy of risk assessments on sexual recidivism . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 37 : 613 – 628 . doi: 10.1177/0093854810363794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalans , L. J. and Olson , D . 2010 . Assessing the risk of sexual and violent recidivism and identifying differences in risk factors: Comparing probation supervised and released imprisoned sex offenders , Research report prepared for The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority . Retrieved from http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/ResearchReports/Probation_Supervised_Released_Imprisoned_Sex_Offenders_Report_1210.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stalans , L. J. , Seng , M. and Yarnold , P. R. 2002 . Long-term impact evaluation of specialized sex offender probation programs in Lake, DuPage, and Winnebago counties , Research report prepared for The Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority . Retrieved from http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/ResearchReports/Long-termDuPageWinnebago.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Swinburne Romine , R. , Dwyer , S. M. , Mathiowetz , C. and Thomas , M. 2008, October . Thirty years of sex offender specific treatment: A follow-up study , Atlanta , GA : Poster presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers .
   Google Scholar
• Texas Health & Safety Code . 2000 . § 841.003
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau . 2011 . Overview of race and Hispanic origin: 2011 Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , Z. 2013 . Psychopathy and criminal violence: The moderating effect of ethnicity . Law and Human Behavior , 37 : 303 – 311 . doi: 10.1037/lhb0000017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar