International Perspectives on the Practical Application of Violence Risk Assessment: A Global Survey of 44 Countries

REFERENCES

• Ægisdóttir, S., White, M. J., Spengler, P. M., Maugherman, A. S., Anderson, L. A., Cook, R. S., et al. (2006). The meta-analysis of clinical judgement project: Fifty-six years of accumulated research on clinical versus statistical prediction. Counseling Psychologist, 34, 341–382. doi:10.1177/0011000005285875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2004). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 271–285. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (1995). LSI-R: The Level of Service Inventory-Revised. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. Psychology, Public Policy & Law, 16, 39–55. doi:10.1037/a0018362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer, R. P., Buffington-Vollum, J. K., Stredny, R. V., & Handel, R. W. (2006). A survey of psychological test use patterns among forensic psychologists. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 84–94. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8701_07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arkes, H. R. (1991). Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 486–498. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtson, S., & Pedersen, L. (2008). Implementation of evidence-based practices in forensic psychiatric clinical practice in Denmark: Are we there? Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science, 2, 37–72.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, D. (2013, January 3). Predicting violence is a work in progress. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com
   Google Scholar
• Conroy, M. A., & Murrie, D. C. (2007). Forensic evaluation of violence risk: A guide to risk assessment and risk management. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Couper, M. P. (2000). Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, 464–494. doi:10.1086/318641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vogel, V., de Ruiter, C., Bouman, Y., & de Vries Robbé, M. (2007). Guide to the SAPROF. Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk. Version 1. Utrecht: Forum Educatief.
   Google Scholar
• Desmarais, S. L., & Singh, J. P. (2013). Instruments for assessing recidivism risk: A review of validation studies conducted in the U.S. Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments.
   Google Scholar
• Dillman, D., Smyth, J., & Christian, L. (2009). Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Elbogen, E. B., Huss, M. T., Tomkins, A. J., & Scalora, M. J. (2005). Clinical decision-making about psychopathy and violence risk assessment in public sector mental health settings. Psychological Services, 2, 133–141. doi:10.1037/1541-1559.2.2.133
   Google Scholar
• Fazel, S., Singh, J. P., Doll, H., & Grann, M. (2012). The prediction of violence and antisocial behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the utility of risk assessment instruments in 73 samples involving 24,827 individuals. British Medical Journal, 345, e4692. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folino, J. O., Marengo, C. M., Marchiano, S. E., & Ascazibar, M. (2004). The risk assessment program and the court of penal execution in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 48, 49–58. doi:10.1177/0306624x03257526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, B., Carroll, A., & Brett, A. (2010). Structured risk assessment in community forensic mental health practice. Australas Psychiatry, 18, 538–541. doi:10.3109/10398562.2010.498513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy, L. S., Douglas, K. S., & Hendry, M. C. (2010). The role of psychopathic personality disorder in violence risk assessments using the HCR-20. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24, 551–580. doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.5.551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, S. D., Cox, D., & Hare, R. D. (1995). Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Hartvig, P., Østberg, B., Alfarnes, S., Moger, T. A., Skjønberg, M., & Bjørkly, S. (2007). Violence Risk Screening-10 (V-RISK-10). Oslo, Norway: Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• Hawley, C. J., Gale, T. M., Sivakumaran, T., & Littlechild, B. (2010). Risk assessment in mental health: Staff attitudes and an estimate of time cost. Journal of Mental Health, 19, 88–98. doi:10.3109/09638230802523005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilbrun, K., Dvoskin, J., Hart, S., & McNiel, D. (1999). Violence risk communication: Implications for research, policy, and practice. Health, Risk & Society, 1, 91–106. doi:10.1080/13698579908407009
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, N., Watts, D., Bindman, J., Slade, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2005). Assessing violence risk in general adult psychiatry. Psychiatric Bulletin, 29, 131–133. doi:10.1192/pb.29.4.131
   Google Scholar
• Ho, R. M. Y., Lau, J. S. F., Cheung, H. H. K., Lai, T. T. S., Tam, V. F. L., Chan, W. L., et al. (2013). Evaluation of a model of violence risk assessment (HCR-20) among adult patients discharged from a gazetted psychiatric hospital in Hong Kong. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 24, 479–495. doi:10.1080/14789949.2013.809467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurducas, C., Singh, J. P., de Ruiter, C., & Petrila, J. (in this issue). Violence risk assessment tools: A systematic review of surveys. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health.
   Google Scholar
• Jovanović, A. A., Toševski, D. L., Ivković, M.., Damjanović, A., & Gašić, J. (2009). Predicting violence in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Vojnosanitetski Pregled, 66, 13–21. doi:10.2298/VSP0901013J
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khiroya, R., Weaver, T., & Maden, T. (2009). Use and perceived utility of structured violence risk assessments in English medium secure forensic units. Psychiatrist, 33, 129–132. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.108.019810
   Google Scholar
• Kwak, N., & Radler, B. (2002). A comparison between mail and web surveys: response pattern, respondent profile, and data quality. Journal of Official Statistics, 18, 257–273.
   Google Scholar
• Lally, S. (2003). What tests are acceptable for use in forensic evaluations? A survey of experts. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 491–498. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.34.5.491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan, J., Steadman, H., Appelbaum, P., Grisso, T., Mulvey, E., Roth, I., et al. (2005). The Classification of Violence Risk. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2009). Core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in primary and secondary care. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
   Google Scholar
• Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2004). Standards of proficiency for specialist community public health nurses. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.
   Google Scholar
• Quinsey, V. L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. A. (2006). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Roffey, M., & Kaliski, S. Z. (2012). ‘To predict or not to predict – that is the question’: An exploration of risk assessment in the context of South African forensic psychiatry. African Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 227–233. doi:10.4314/ajpsy.v15i4.29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J. P., Fazel, S., Gueorguieva, R., & Buchanan, A. (2013). Rates of sexual recidivism in high risk sex offenders: A meta-analysis of 10,422 participants. Sexual Offender Treatment, 7, 44–57.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, J. P., Fazel, S., Gueorguieva, R., & Buchanan, A. (2014). Rates of violence in patients classified as “high risk” by risk assessment instruments. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204, 180–187. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J. P., Grann, M., & Fazel, S. (2011). A comparative study of risk assessment tools: A systematic review and metaregression analysis of 68 studies involving 25,980 participants. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 499–513. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeem, J. L., & Monahan, J. (2011). Current directions in violence risk assessment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 38–42. doi:10.1177/0963721410397271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telles, L. E., Day, V. P., Folino, J. O., & Taborda, J. G. (2009). Reliability of the Brazilian version of HCR-20 Assessing Risk for Violence. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 31, 253–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolman, A., & Mullendore, K. (2003). Risk evaluations for the courts: Is service quality a function of specialization? Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 34, 225–232. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.34.3.225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood, D., Kim, H., & Matier, M. (2000, May). To mail or to Web: Comparisons of survey response rates and respondent characteristics. Paper presented at the 40th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Cincinnati, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Urbaniok, F. (2007). FOTRES: Forensisches Operationalisiertes Therapie-Risiko-Evaluations System. Bern: Zytglogge.
   Google Scholar
• Viljoen, J. L., McLachlan, K., & Vincent, G. M. (2010). Assessing violence risk and psychopathy in juvenile and adult offenders: A survey of clinical practices. Assessment, 17, 377–395. doi:10.1177/1073191109359587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, C. D., Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D., & Hart, S. D. (1997). HCR- 20: Assessing Risk for Violence. Version 2. Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University, Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, C. D., Martin, M. L., Brink, J., Nicholls, T. L., & Desmarais, S. (2009). Manual for the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START). Version 1.1. Hamilton, ON: Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Werkgroep Pilotstudy Risicotaxatie. (2002). Findings of a nationwide pilot study on the HKT-30. The Hague: Ministerie van Justitie.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, S., & Gordon, A. (2009). Manual for the Violence Risk Scale. Saskatoon, SK: University of Saskatchewan.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, M., Wong, S. C. P., & Coid, J. (2010). The efficacy of violent prediction: A meta-analytic comparison of nine risk assessment tools. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 740–76. doi:10.1037/a0020473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. L., Chen, X. C., Cai, W. X., Hu, J. M. (2012). Reliability of the Violence Risk Scale Chinese version. Fai Yi Xue Za Zhi, 28, 32–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar