381
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLES

Prevalence and Correlates of Criminal Activity in Adolescents Treated in Adult Inpatient Mental Health Beds in Ontario, Canada

, , , &

REFERENCES

  • Aleman, A., Agrawal, N., Morgan, K. D., & David, A.S. (2006). Insight in psychosis and neuropsychological function: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 204–212.
  • Amador, X. F., Strauss, D. H., Yale, S. A., Flaum, M. M., Endicott, J., & Gorman, J. M. (1993). Assessment of insight in psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 873–873.
  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Amore, M., Menchetti, M., Tonti, C., Scarlatti, F., Lundgren, E., Esposito, W., & Berardi, D. (2008). Predictors of violent behavior among acute psychiatric patients: clinical study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(3), 247–255.
  • Appelbaum, P. S., Robbins, P. C., & Monahan, J. (2000). Violence and delusions: Data from the MacArthur violence risk assessment study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(4), 566–572.
  • Baiden, P., den Dunnen, W., & Stewart, S. L. (2013). Discharge of adolescents with mental health problems against medical advice: Findings from adult mental health inpatient facilities across Ontario, Canada. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 1161–1167.
  • Baiden, P., Stewart, S. L., & den Dunnen, W. (2014). Childhood abuse and cannabis use among adolescents with mental health needs in Ontario, Canada. Journal of Substance Use, 19(1-2), 23–29.
  • Barbaree, H., Brown, G. P., Fries, B. E., Mathias, K., & Schmorrow, A. (2011). Criminal Activity CAP. In J. P. Hirdes, N. Curtin-Telegdi, K. Mathias, C. M. Perlman, T. Saarela, H. Kolbeinsson, et al. (eds.), interRAI mental health clinical assessment protocols (CAPs) for use with community and hospital-based mental health assessment instruments. Version 9.1, Canadian Edition (pp.71–79). Washington, DC: interRAI.
  • Barylnik, J. (2003). Psychopathology, psychosocial characteristics, and family environment in juvenile delinquents. German Journal of Psychiatry, 6, 30–32.
  • Baskin, D. R., & Sommers, I. (2011). Child maltreatment, placement strategies, and delinquency. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(2), 106–119.
  • Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., & Wanner, B. (2002). Parent and peer effects on delinquency-related violence and dating violence: A test of two meditational models. Social Development, 11, 225–244.
  • Brennan, S., & Dauvergne, M. (2011). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2010. Juristat. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-002-X. (accessed April 11, 2013).
  • Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K. A., … & Vitaro, F. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 222–245.
  • Buckley, P. F., Hrouda, D. R., Friedman, L., Noffsinger, S. G., Resnick, P. J., & Camlin-Shingler, K. (2004). Insight and its relationship to violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(9), 1712–1714.
  • Buckley, P. F., Noffsinger, S. G., Smith, D. A., Hrouda, D. R., & Knoll IV, J. L. (2003). Treatment of the psychotic patient who is violent. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 26(1), 231–272.
  • Bujarski, S., J., Feldner, M. T., Lewis, S. F., Babson, K. A., Trainor, C. D., Leen-Feldner, E., … & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2012). Marijuana use among traumatic event-exposed adolescents: Posttraumatic stress symptom frequency predicts copying motivation for use. Addictive Behaviors, 37(1), 53–59.
  • Carpentier, J., & Proulx, J. (2011). Correlates of recidivism among adolescents who have sexually offended. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(4), 434–455.
  • Chu, C. M., Daffern, M., Thomas, S., & Lim, J. Y. (2012). Violence risk and gang affiliation in youth offenders: A recidivism study. Psychology, Crime and Law, 18(3)299–315.
  • Collins, O. F., Vermeiren, R., De Bolle, M., & Broekaert, E. (2012). Self-reported psychopathic-like traits as predictors of recidivism in detained male adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(11), 1421–1435.
  • Collins, O., Vermeiren, R., Vreugdenhil, C., van den Brink, W., Doreleijers, T., & Broekaert, E. (2010). Psychiatric disorders in detained male adolescents: A systematic literature review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(4), 255–263.
  • Cook, N. R. (2008). Statistical evaluation of prognostic versus diagnostic models: Beyond the ROC Curve. Clinical Chemistry, 54(1), 17–23.
  • Corrado, R., & Freedman, L. (2011). Risk profiles, trajectories, and intervention points for serious and chronic young offenders. International Journal of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, 2 (2.1), 197–232.
  • Cote, S. M., Vaillancourt, T., LeBlanc, J. C., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2006). The development of physical aggression from toddlerhood to pre-adolescence: A nationwide longitudinal study of Canadian children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(1), 71–85.
  • Cropsey, K. L., Weaver, M. F., & Dupre, M. A. (2008). Predictors of involvement in the juvenile justice system among psychiatric hospitalized adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 33(7), 942–948.
  • Cuijpers, P., Li, J., Hoffman, S. G., & Anderson, G. (2010). Self-reported versus clinician-rated symptoms of depression as outcome measures in psychotherapy research on depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 768–778.
  • Dembo, R., Turner, C. W., & Jianchill, N. (2007). An assessment of criminal thinking among incarcerated youths in three States. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(9), 1157–1167.
  • Elander, J., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Holmshaw, J., & Rutter, M. (2000). A longitudinal study of adolescent and adult conviction rates among children referred to psychiatric services for behavioural or emotional problems. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 10(1), 40–59.
  • Fagan, V. V. (2005). The relationship between adolescent physical abuse and criminal offending: Support for an enduring and generalized cycle of violence. Journal of Family Violence, 20(5), 279–290.
  • Fajnzylber, P., Lederman, D., & Loayza, N. (2002). What causes violent crime? European Economic Review, 46(7), 1323–1357.
  • Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorders in 23,000 prisoners: A systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet, 359(9306)545–550.
  • Fazel, S., Doll, H., & Langstrom, N. (2008). Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: A systematic review of metaregression analysis of 25 surveys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(9), 1010–1019.
  • Feenstra, D. J., Busschbach, J. J. V., Verheul, R., & Hutsebaut, J. (2011). Prevalence and comorbidity of Axis I and Axis II disorders among treatment refractory adolescents admitted to specialized psychotherapy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 842–850.
  • Feenstra, D., & Hutsebaut, J. (2012). Personality disorders in adolescents. Personality Disorders in Adolescents, 35, 15.
  • Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. M. (2005a). Show me the child at seven: The consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(8), 837–849.
  • Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. M. (2005b). Show me the child at seven II: The consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(8), 850–858.
  • Fields, D., & Abrams, L. (2010). Gender differences in the perceived needs and barriers of youth offenders preparing for community reentry. Child and Youth Care Forum, 39(4), 253–269.
  • Gordon, M. S., Kinlock, T. W., & Battjes, R. J. (2004). Correlates of early substance use and crime among adolescents entering outpatient substance abuse treatment. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30(1), 39–59.
  • Hanish, L. D., & Guerra, N. G. (2002). A longitudinal analysis of patterns of adjustment following peer victimization. Development and Psychopathology, 14(01), 69–89.
  • Hanley, J. A., & McNeil, B. J. (1982). The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology, 143(1), 29–36.
  • Harley, M., Kelleheer, L., Clarke, M., Lynch, F., Arseneault, L., Connor, D., … & Cannon, M. (2010). Cannabis use and childhood trauma interact addictively to increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in adolescence. Psychological Medicine, 40(10), 1627–1634.
  • Hart, J. L., O’Toole, S. K., Price-Sharps, J. L., & Shaffer, T. W. (2007). The risk and protective factors of violent juvenile offending: An examination of gender differences. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5(4), 367–384.
  • Hawkins, J. D., Brown, E. C., Oesterle, S., Arthur, M. W., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2008). Early effects of communities that care on targeted risks and initiation of delinquent behavior and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(1), 15–22.
  • Hirdes, J. P., Ljunggren, G., Morris, J. N., Frijters, D. H. M., Soveri, H. F., Gray, L., … & Gilgen, R. (2008). Reliability of the interRAI suite of assessment instruments: A 12-country study of an integrated health information system. BMC Health Services Research, 8(1), 277.
  • Hirdes, J. P., Marhaba, M., Smith, T. F., Clyburn, L., Mitchelle, L., Lemick, R. A., … & Yamauchi, K. E. (2000). Development of the Resident Assessment Instrument - Mental Health (RAI-MH). Healthcare Quarterly, 4(2), 44–53.
  • Hirdes, J. P., Perez, E., Curtin-Telegdi, N., Prendergast, P., Morris, J. N., Ikegami, N., et al. (2005). Ontario Mental Health Reporting System (OMHRS): Minimum data set user's manual. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Institute for Health Information.
  • Hirdes, J. P., Poss, J. W., Caldarelli, H., Fries, B. E., Morris, J. N., Teare, G. F., … & Jutan, N. (2013). An evaluation of data quality in Canada's Continuing Care Reporting System (CCRS): Secondary analyses of Ontario data submitted between 1996 and 2011. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 13(1), 27.
  • Hirdes, J. P., Smith, T. F., Rabinowitz, T., Yamauchi, K., Perez, E., Curtin-Telegdi, N., … & Fries, B. E. (2002). The Resident Assessment Instrument-Mental Health (RAI-MH): Inter-rater reliability and convergent validity. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 29(4), 19–432.
  • Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (1989). Applied logistic regression. New York, NY: Wiley and Sons Inc.
  • Hussey, D. L., Drinkard, A. M., & Flannery, D. J. (2007). Comorbid substance use and mental disorders among offending youth. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 7(1-2), 117–138.
  • Iselin, A. M. R., Mulvey, E. P., Loughran, T. A., Chung, H. L., & Schubert, C. A. (2012). A longitudinal examination of serious adolescent offenders’ perceptions of chances for success and engagement in behaviors accomplishing goals. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(2), 237–249.
  • Jennings, W. G., & Reingle, J. M. (2012). On the number and shape of developmental/life-course violence, aggression, and delinquency trajectories: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Criminal Justices, 40(6), 472–489.
  • Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E., Kasen, S., Oldham, J. M., Skodol, A. E., & Brooks, J. S. (2000). Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adolescence and early adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1406–1412.
  • Johnson, J. G., First, M. B., Cohen, P., Skodol, A. E., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2005). Adverse outcomes associated with personality disorder not otherwise specified in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(10), 1926–1932.
  • Johnsona, R. M., Kotch, J. B., Catellier, D. J., Winsor, J. K., Dufort, V., Hunter, W., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2002). Adverse behavioural and emotional outcomes from child abuse and witnessed violence. Child Maltreatment, 7(3), 179–186.
  • Kasen, S., Cohen, P., Skodol, A. E., First, M. B., Johnson, J. G., Brooks, J. S., & Oldham, J. M. (2007). Comorbid personality disorder and treatment use in a community sample of youths: A 20-year follow up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115(1), 56–65.
  • Kerr, M., Tremblay, R. E., Pangani, L., & Vitaro, F. (1997). Boys behavioural inhibition and later risk for delinquency. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 809–816.
  • Khantzian, E. J. (1985). The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(11), 1259–1264.
  • Khoury, L., Tang, Y., Bradley, B., Cubells, J., & Ressler, K. (2010). Substance use, childhood traumatic experience and post-traumatic stress disorder in an urban civilian population. Depression and Anxiety, 27(2), 1077–1086.
  • Knoll, C., & Sickmund, M. (2012). Delinquency cases in juvenile court, 2009.
  • Lahlah, E., Lens, K. M., Bogaerts, S., & van der Knaap, L. M. (2013). When love hurts: Assessing the intersectionality of ethnicity, socio-economic status, parental connectedness, child abuse, and gender attitudes in juvenile violent delinquency. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(11), 1034–1049.
  • Lansford, J. E., Miller-Johnson, S., Berlin, L. J., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (2007). Early physical abuse and later violent delinquency: A prospective longitudinal study. Child Maltreatment, 12(3), 233–245.
  • Laurenseen, E. M., Hutsebaut, J., Feenstra, D. J., VanBusschbach, J. J., & Luyten, P. (2013). Diagnosis of personality disorders in adolescents: a study among psychologists. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 7(1), 3.
  • Leschied, A. W. (2011). Youth Justice and Mental Health in Perspective. Healthcare Quarterly, 14(2), 58–63.
  • Leschied, A., Chiodo, D., Nowicki, E., & Rodger, S. (2008). Childhood predictors of adult criminality: A meta-analysis drawn from the prospective longitudinal literature. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 50(4), 435–467.
  • Leschied, A. W., Cummings, A. L., Van Brunschot, M. & Saunders, A. (2001). Literature review: Correlates of aggression with adolescent girls. In A. Cummings & A. W. Leschied (Eds.), Violence in the lives of adolescent girls: Implications for educators and counsellors (pp. 3–40). New York, NY: Edwin Mellon Press.
  • Livsey, S. (2012). Juvenile delinquency probation caseload, 2009.
  • Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Young children who commit crime: Epidemiology, developmental origins, risk factors, early interventions, and policy implications. Development and Psychopathology, 12(04), 737–762.
  • Martin, L., Hirdes, J. P., Morris, J. N., Montague, P., Rabinowitz, T., & Fries, B. E. (2009). Validating the Mental Health Assessment Protocols (MHAPs) in the Resident Assessment Instrument Mental Health (RAI-MH). Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16(7), 646–653.
  • Maughan, D., & Moore, S. C. (2010). Dimensions of child neglect: An exploration of parental neglect and its relationship with delinquency. Child Welfare, 89(4), 47–65.
  • Merlo, A. V., & Benekos, P. J. (2010). Is punitive juvenile justice policy declining in the United States? A critique of emergent initiatives. Youth Justice, 10(1), 3–24.
  • Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., & Milne, B. J. (2002). Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: Follow-up at age 26 years. Development and Psychopathology, 14(01), 179–207.
  • Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2010). Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: Key findings from longitudinal studies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(10), 633–642.
  • Perlman, C., & Hirdes, J. (2008). The Aggressive Behavior Scale: A new scale to measure aggression based on the Minimum Data Set. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(12), 2298–2303.
  • Perlman, C. M., Hirdes, J. P., Barbaree, H., Fries, B. E., McKillop, I., Morris, J. N., & Rabinowitz, T. (2013). Development of mental health quality indicators (MHQIs) for inpatient psychiatry based on the interRAI mental health assessment. BMC Health Services Research, 13(1), 15.
  • Rappaport, N., & Thomas, C. (2004). Recent research findings on aggressive and violent behavior in youth: Implications for clinical assessment and intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(4), 260–277.
  • Reisner, A. D., Piel, J., & Makey, M. (2013). Competency to Stand Trial and Defendants Who Lack Insight Into Their Mental Illness. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 41(1), 85–91.
  • Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., Ng-Mak, D. S., Mojica, E., Stockhammer, T. F., & Rosario, M. (2002). Effects of partner violence and physical child abuse on child behavior: A study of abused and comparison children. Journal of Family Violence, 17, 23–52.
  • Salzinger, S., Rosario, M., & Feldman, R. S. (2007). Physical child abuse and adolescent violent delinquency: The mediating and moderating roles of personal relationships. Child Maltreatment, 12(3), 208–219.
  • Schubert, C. A., Mulvey, E. P., & Glasheen, C. (2011). Influence of mental health and substance use problems and criminogenic risk on outcomes in serious juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(9), 925–937.
  • Serman, N., Johnson, J. G., Geller, P. A., Kanost, R. E., & Zacharapoulou, H. (2002). Personality disorders associated with substance abuse among American and Greek adolescents. Adolescence, 37, 841–854.
  • Shader, M. (2001). Risk factors for delinquency: An overview. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
  • Sing, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Joy, S., Winton, R. S. W., Sabaaw, M., Wahler, R. G., & Singh, J. (2007). Adolescents with conduct disorder can be mindful of their aggressive behavior. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 15, 56–63.
  • Steffensmeier, D., & Harer, M. (1999). Making sense of recent U.S. crime trends, 1980-96/98: Age composition effects and other explanations. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 235–274.
  • Stevens, G., Hartnagel, T., Odynak, D., & Brazil, J. (2013). Demographic trends and crime in the province of Alberta. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 4(1), 24–41.
  • Stewart, S. E., Ceranoglu, T. A., O’Hanley, T., & Geller, D. A. (2005). Performance of clinician versus self-report measures to identify obsessive-compulsive disorder in child and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmocology, 15(6), 956–963.
  • Stewart, S. L., & Baiden, P. (2013). An exploratory study of the factors associated with medication nonadherence among youth in adult mental health facilities in Ontario, Canada. Psychiatry Research, 207(3), 212–217.
  • Stewart, S. L., Baiden, P., & den Dunnen, W. (2013). Prescription medication misuse among adolescnets with severe mental health problems in Ontario, Canada. Substance Use and Misuse, 48(5), 404–414.
  • Stewart, S. L., Currie, M., Arbeau, K., Leschied, A., & Kerry, A. (in press). Assessment and planning for community and custodial services: The application of interRAI assessment in the youth justice system. In R. Corrado & A. Leschied (Eds.), Serious and Violent Young Offenders and Youth Criminal Justice: A Canadian Perspective.
  • Stewart, S. L., Kam, C., & Baiden, P. (2014). Predicting length of stay and readmission for psychiatric inpatient youth admitted to adult mental health beds in Ontario, Canada. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(2), 115–121.
  • Stewart, S. L., Lescheid, A. W., den Dunnen, W., Zalmanowtiz, S., & Baiden, P. (2013). Treating mental health disorders for children in child welfare: Evaluating the outcome literature. Child and Youth Care Forum 42(2), 131–154.
  • Stewart, S. L., Leschied, A. W., Newnham, C., Somerville, L., Armieri, A., & St. Pierre, J. (2010). Residential treatment outcomes with maltreated children who experience serious mental health disorders. Ontario Association for Children's Aid Society Journal, 55, 23–27.
  • Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Ulzen, T. P., & Hamilton, H. (1998). The nature and characteristics of psychiatric comorbidity in incarcerated adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(1), 57–63.
  • van der Laan, A. M., Blom, M., & Kleemans, E. (2009). Exploring long-term and short-term risk factors for serious delinquency. European Journal of Criminology, 6, 419–438.
  • Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., Kerr, M., Pagani, L., & Bukowski, W. M. (1997). Disruptiveness, friends’ characteristics, and delinquency in early adolescence: A test of two competing models of development. Child Development, 68, 676–689.
  • Westen, D., Shedler, J., Durrett, C., Glass, S., & Martens, A. (2003). Personality diagnoses in adolescence: DSM-IV Axis II diagnoses and an empirically derived alternative. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 952–966.
  • Widom, C. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244(4901), 160–166.
  • Widom, C. S., Marmorstein, N. R., & White, H. R. (2006). Childhood victimization and illicit drug use in middle adulthood. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(4), 394–403.
  • Wolfe, D. A., Wekerle, C., Reitzel-Jaffe, D., & Lefebvre, L. (1998). Factors associated with abusive relationships among maltreated and non-maltreated youth. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 61–85.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.