The Relationship Between Ward Social Climate, Ward Sense of Community, and Incidents of Disruptive Behavior: A Study of a High Secure Psychiatric Sample

References

• Anderson, M. R. (2009). Beyond membership: A sense of community and political behavior. Political Behavior, 31(4), 603–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battistich, V., & Hom, A. (1997). The relationship between students' sense of their school as a community and their involvement in problem behaviors. American Journal of Public Health, 87(12), 1997–2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beech, A. R., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E. (2005). Relationship between therapeutic climate and treatment outcome in group-based sexual offender treatment programs. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17(2), 127–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder, R. L., & McCoy, S. M. (1983). A study of patients' attitudes toward placement in seclusion. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 34(11), 1052–1054.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bjørkly, S. (1999). A ten-year prospective study of aggression in a special secure unit for dangerous patients. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40(1), 57–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers, L., Simpson, A., & Alexander, J. (2003). Patient-staff conflict: results of a survey on acute psychiatric wards. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38(7), 402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bressington, D., Stewart, B., Beer, D., & MacInnes, D. (2011). Levels of service user satisfaction in secure settings – A survey of the association between perceived social climate, perceived therapeutic relationship and satisfaction with forensic services. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(11), 1349–1356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavis, D. M., Lee, K. S., & Acosta, J. D. (2008). The Sense of Community (SCI) Revised: The Reliability and Validity of the SCI-2. Paper presented at the 2nd International Community Psychology Conference, Lisboa, Portugal.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, W. B., & Cotter, P. R. (1991). The relationship between sense of community and subjective well-being: A first look. Journal of Community Psychology, 19(3), 246–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens, G. L., Suesse, M., Snyman, P., & Picchioni, M. (2014). Associations between ward climate and patient characteristics in a secure mental health service. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 25(2), 195–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duxbury, J., & Whittington, R. (2005). Causes and management of patient aggression and violence: staff and patient perspectives. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50(5), 469–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, A. (1995). The ethical problems encountered in psychiatric nursing practice with dangerous mentally ill persons. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 9(2), 193–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flood, C., Bowers, L., & Parkin, D. (2008). Estimating the costs of conflict and containment on adult acute inpatient psychiatric wards. Nursing Economics, 26(5), 325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friis, S. (1986). Measurements of the perceived ward milieu: a reevaluation of the Ward Atmosphere Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73(5), 589–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulet, M. H., Larau, C., & Dumais, A. (2017). Evaluation of seclusion and restraint reduction programs in mental health: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 139–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howells, K., Tonkin, M., Milburn, C., Lewis, J., Draycot, S., Cordwell, J., … Schalast, N. (2009). The EssenCES measure of social climate: A preliminary validation and normative data in UK high secure hospital settings. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19(5), 308–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, M., Tsukano, K., Muraoka, M., Kaneko, F., & Okamura, H. (2006). Psychological impact of verbal abuse and violence by patients on nurses working in psychiatric departments. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60(1), 29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, C. G., Anagnostakis, K., Fox, E., Silaule, P., Somers, J., West, R., & Webster, A. (2011). Social climate along the pathway of care in women’s secure mental health service: Variation with level of security, patient motivation, therapeutic alliance and level of disturbance. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21(3), 202–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire, T., Daffern, M., & Martin, T. (2014). Exploring nurses' and patients' perspectives of limit setting in a forensic mental health setting. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23(2), 153–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaren, S., Jude, B., & McLachlan, A. J. (2007). Sexual orientation, sense of belonging and depression in Australian men. International Journal of Men’s Health, 6(3), 259–272.
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehan, T., McIntosh, W., & Bergen, H. (2006). Aggressive behaviour in the high‐secure forensic setting: the perceptions of patients. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 13(1), 19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos, R. H. (1989). Ward Atmosphere Scale. Manual, 2nd ed. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moos, R. H., Shelton, R., & Petty, C. (1973). Perceived ward climate and treatment outcome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 82(2), 291–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2015). Violence and aggression: Short-term management in mental health, health and community settings. NICE Guideline NG10.
   Google Scholar
• Needham, I., Abderhalden, C., Halfens, R. J., Fischer, J. E., & Dassen, T. (2005). Non-somatic effects of patient aggression on nurses: a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49(3), 283–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijman, H. L. I. (2002). A model of aggression in psychiatric hospitals. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106(s412), 142–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulos, C., Ross, J., Stewart, D., Dack, C., James, K., & Bowers, L. (2012). The antecedents of violence and aggression within psychiatric in‐patient settings. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(6), 425–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, A. N., & Reid, R. J. (2003). Paths to psychological empowerment in an urban community: Sense of community and citizen participation in substance abuse prevention activities. Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1), 25–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plutchik, R., Karasu, T. B., Conte, H. R., Siegel, B., & Jerrett, I. (1978). Toward a rationale for the seclusion process. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 166(8), 571–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty, G. M. (1990). Relating psychological sense of community to social climate characteristics. Journal of Community Psychology, 18(1), 60–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty, G., Bishop, B., Fisher, A., & Sonn, C. (2007). Psychology sense of community and its relevance to well-being and everyday life in Australia. Australian Community Psychologist, 19(2), 6–25.
   Google Scholar
• Prince, P. N., & Gerber, G. J. (2005). Subjective well-being and community integration among clients of assertive community treatment. Quality of Life Research, 14(1), 161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossberg, J. I., & Friis, S. (2004). Patients' and staff's perceptions of the psychiatric ward environment. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 55(7), 798–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Psychiatrists (2008). Service standards for NHS adult democratic therapeutic communities. London, UK: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
   Google Scholar
• Sarason, S. B. (1974). The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Schalast, N., Redies, M., Collins, M., Stacey, J., & Howells, K. (2008). EssenCES, a short questionnaire for assessing the social climate of forensic psychiatric wards. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 18(1), 49–58. doi: 10.1002/cbm.677
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scuderi, C. S. (2005). The meaning of health and the experience of coronary heart disease in Italian-speaking cardiac patients: Implications for cardiac rehabilitation programs. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Talò, C., Mannarini, T., & Rochira, A. (2014). Sense of community and community participation: A meta analytic review. Social Indicators Research, 117(1), 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonkin, M. (2016). A review of questionnaire measures for assessing the social climate in prisons and forensic psychiatric hospitals. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(12), 1376–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonkin, M., Howells, K., Ferguson, E., Clark, A., Newberry, M., & Schalast, N. (2012). Lost in translation? Psychometric properties and construct validity of the English Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) social climate questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Helm, G. H. P. (2011). First do no harm: Group climate in secure correctional institutions (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, L. (2011). Mental health nursing and stress: maintaining balance. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 20(2), 77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise, T. N., Mann, L. S., Murray, C., & Lopez, C. L. (1988). Attitudes of non-secluded patients toward seclusion rooms. General Hospital Psychiatry, 10(4), 280–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynaden, D., Orb, A., McGowan, S., Castle, D., Zeeman, Z., Headford, C., … Finn, M. (2001). The use of seclusion in the year 2000: What has changed? Collegian (Royal College of Nursing, Australia), 8(3), 19–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar