How Do Latin American Professionals Approach Violence Risk Assessment? A Qualitative Exploratory Study

References

• Agnew, R. (2007). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Agoff, C., Rajsbaum, A., & Herrera, C. (2006). Perspectivas de las mujeres maltratadas sobre la violencia de pareja en México [Women’s perceptions on intimate partner violence in Mexico]. Salud Pública De México, 48, s307–s314. doi:10.1590/S0036-36342006000800011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alaniz, M. L. (1996). Husband's level of drinking and egalitarianism in Mexican-American families. Substance Use & Misuse, 31(6), 647–661. doi:10.3109/10826089609045832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcantara, M. (2005). Politics and society in Latin America at the start of the new millennium. Social Forces, 83(4), 1659–1670. doi:10.1353/sof.2005.0051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegria, M., Vila, D., Woo, M., Canino, G., Takeuchi, D., Vera, M., … Shrout, P. (2004). Cultural relevance and equivalence in the NLAAS instrument: Integrating etic and emic in the development of cross-cultural measures for a psychiatric epidemiology and services study of Latinos. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13(4), 270–288. doi:10.1002/mpr.181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreas, P. (1999). When policies collide: Market reform, market prohibition and the narcotization of the Mexican economy. In H. R. Friman & P. Andreas (Eds.), The illicit global economy and state power (pp. 125–142). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Aparcero, M., Nijdam-Jones, A., Rosenfeld, B., & García-López, E. (2019). Sex offender risk assessment in Latin America: An exploratory study. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. doi:10.1037/pro0000271
   Google Scholar
• Arbach, K., Bondaruk, A., Carubelli, S., Vegar, M. F. P., & Singh, J. (2017). Evaluación forense de la peligrosidad: Una aproximación a las prácticas profesionales en Latinoamérica [Forensic assessment of dangerousness: An approach to professional practices in Latin America]. PSIENCIA. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencia Psicológica, 9(1), 1–15. doi:10.5872/psiencia/9.1.23
   Google Scholar
• Arias, E. D., & Goldstein, D. M. (2010). Violent pluralism: Understanding the new democracies of Latin America. In E. D. Arias & D. M. Goldstein (Eds.), Violent democracies in Latin America (pp. 1–34). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Béjar, B. O. (2009). Machismo y violencia contra la mujer [Machismo and violence against women]. Investigaciones Sociales, 13(23), 301–322.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, R. (2015). Now I see it, now I don’t: Researcher’s position and reflexivity in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 15(2), 219–234. doi:10.1177/1468794112468475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802–1811. doi:10.1177/1049732316654870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boer, D. P., Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R., & Webster, C. D. (1997). Manual for the Sexual Violence Risk-20: Professional guidelines for assessing risk of sexual violence. Vancouver, Canada: Institute Against Family Violence.
   Google Scholar
• Bott, S., Guedes, A., Goodwin, M., & Adams Mendoza, J. (2012). Violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Bouzat, G. (2010). Inequality, crime and security in Argentina. SELA (Seminario en Latinoamérica de Teoría Constitucional y Política) Papers. 91. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yls_sela/91
   Google Scholar
• Boxer, P., Morris, A. S., Terranova, A. M., Kithakye, M., Savoy, S. C., & McFaul, A. F. (2008). Coping with exposure to violence: Relations to emotional symptoms and aggression in three urban samples. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17(6), 881–893. doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9196-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer, P., Schappell, A., Middlemass, K., & Mercado, I. (2011). Cognitive and emotional covariates of violence exposure among former prisoners: Links to antisocial behavior and emotional distress and implications for theory. Aggressive Behavior, 37(5), 465–475. doi:10.1002/ab.20405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Cámara, S. (2015). Justicia social y derecho penal: individualización de la sanción penal por circunstancias socioeconómicas del penado (arts. 66.1.6, 20.7 CP y 7.3 LORRPM) [Social justice and criminal law: individualization of criminal sanctions due to socio-economic circumstances of the prisoner. Anuario de Derecho Penal y Ciencias Penales, 68(1), 237–275. Retrieved from https://www.boe.es/publicaciones/anuarios_derecho/abrir_pdf.php?id=ANU-P-2015-10023700275
   Google Scholar
• Cancino, A.J. (1999). Las causales de justificación en la doctrina y en la legislación penal colombiana [The grounds for justification in Colombian doctrine and criminal law] (Vol. 1). Bogotá, Colombia: Ediciones Jurídicas.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, J. A. (2010). Avoiding traps in member checking. The Qualitative Report, 15(5), 1102–1113.
   Google Scholar
• Chioda, L. (2017). Stop the violence in Latin America: A look at prevention from cradle to adulthood. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Clauss-Ehlers, C. S., & Levi, L. L. (2002). Violence and community, terms in conflict: An ecological approach to resilience. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 11(4), 265–278. doi:10.1023/A:1016804930977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, A. N., & Hart, S. D. (2017). Violence risk assessment across nations and across cultures: Legal, clinical, and scientific considerations. In R. Roesch & A. N. Cook (Eds.), Handbook of forensic mental health services (pp. 131–152). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124–130. doi:10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, J. M. (2009). Police abuse in Latin America. Americas Barometer Insights, 11, 1–8. Retrieved from https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/
   Google Scholar
• Cuesta, J., Ñopo, H., & Pizzolitto, G. (2011). Using pseudo‐panels to measure income mobility in Latin America. Review of Income and Wealth, 57(2), 224–246. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2011.00444.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vogel, V., de Ruiter, C., Bouman, Y., & de Vries Robbé, M. (2009). Guidelines for the assessment of protective factors for violence risk. English Version. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Forum Educatief.
   Google Scholar
• de Vogel, V., de Vries Robbé, M., de Ruiter, C., & Bouman, Y. H. A. (2011). Assessing protective factors in forensic psychiatric practice: Introducing the SAPROF. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(3), 171–177. doi:10.1080/14999013.2011.600230
   Google Scholar
• Dedoose Version 8.0.42. (2018). Web application for managing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative and mixed method research data. Los Angeles, CA: Socio Cultural Research Consultants, LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz-Guerrero, R., & Szalay, L. B. (1991). Understanding Mexicans and Americans: Cultural perspectives in conflict. New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media, LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, K. S., Hart, S. D., Webster, C., & Belfrage, H. (2013). HCR-20 (Version 3): Assessing risk for violence. Burnaby, BC, Canada: Mental Health, Law and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
   Google Scholar
• Fariss, C. J. (2014). Respect for human rights has improved over time: Modeling the changing standard of accountability. American Political Science Review, 108(2), 297–318. doi:10.1017/S0003055414000070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fass, T. L., Heilbrun, K., Dematteo, D., & Fretz, R. (2008). The LSI-R and the COMPAS: Validation data on two risk-needs tools. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(9), 1095–1108. doi:10.1177/0093854808320497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. doi:10.1177/160940690600500107
   Google Scholar
• Folino, J. O., Villalba, D. K., & Singh, J. P. (2016). Violence risk assessment in Latin America. In J. P. Singh, S. Bjørkly, & S. Fazel (Eds.), International Perspectives on Violence Risk Assessment (pp. 181–191). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Galanti, G. A. (2003). The Hispanic family and male-female relationships: An overview. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 14(3), 180–185. doi:10.1177/1043659603014003004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• García-Ripoll, M. (2006). Ilicitud, culpa y estado de necesidad [Illegality, guilt and state of need]. Madrid, Spain: Librería Dykinson.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, D. M. (2005). Flexible justice: Neoliberal violence and ‘self-help’security in Bolivia. Critique of Anthropology, 25(4), 389–411. doi:10.1177/0308275X05058656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra, N. G., Rowell Huesmann, L., & Spindler, A. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children. Child Development, 74(5), 1561–1576. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, R. D. (2003). The hare psychopathy checklist-revised (2nd ed.). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, S. D. (2001). Assessing and managing violence risk. In K. S. Douglas, C. D. Webster, S. D. Hart, D. Eaves, & J. R. P. Ogloff (Eds.), HCR-20 violence risk management companion guide (pp. 13–25). Burnaby, British Columbia: Mental Health, Law, & Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, S. D., Douglas, K. S., & Webster, C. (2001). Risk management using the HCR-20: A general overview focusing on historical factors. In K. S. Douglas, C. Webster, S. D. Hart, D. Eaves, & J. R. P. Ogloff, (Eds.), HCR-20 violence risk management companion guide (pp. 13–25). Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health, Law, & Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
   Google Scholar
• Helfrich, H. (1999). Beyond the dilemma of cross-cultural psychology: Resolving the tension between etic and emic approaches. Culture & Psychology, 5(2), 131–153. doi:10.1177/1354067X9952002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse-Biber, S. N., & Leavy, P. (2010). The practice of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Jütersonke, O., Muggah, R., & Rodgers, D. (2009). Gangs, urban violence, and security interventions in Central America. Security Dialogue, 40(4–5), 373–397. doi:10.1177/0967010609343298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, T. M., & Ceballo, R. (2013). Latino adolescents' community violence exposure: After‐school activities and familismo as risk and protective factors. Social Development, 22(4), 663–682. doi:10.1111/sode.12030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kropp, P. R., Hart, S. D., Webster, C. W., & Eaves, D. (1994). Manual for the spousal assault risk assessment guide. Vancouver, Canada: British Columbia Institute on Family Violence.
   Google Scholar
• Kropp, P. R., Hart, S. D., Webster, C. W., & Eaves, D. (1995). Manual for the spousal assault risk assessment guide (2nd ed.). Vancouver, Canada: British Columbia Institute on Family Violence.
   Google Scholar
• Kropp, P. R., Hart, S. D., Webster, C. W., & Eaves, D. (1998). Spousal assault risk assessment: user's guide (2nd ed.). Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Legard, R., Keegan, J., & Ward, K. (2003). In-depth interviews. In J. Ritchie & J. Lewis (Eds.), Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers (pp. 138–169). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Leguízamo, A., Lee, S. C., Jeglic, E. L., & Calkins, C. (2017). Utility of the Static-99 and Static-99R with Latino sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 29(8), 765–785. doi:10.1177/1079063215618377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, H. M., Bamberg, M., Creswell, J. W., Frost, D. M., Josselson, R., & Suárez-Orozco, C. (2018). Journal article reporting standards for qualitative primary, qualitative meta-analytic, and mixed methods research in psychology: The APA publications and communications board task force report. American Psychologist, 73(1), 26–46. doi:10.1037/amp0000151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, G., & Marin, B. V. (1991). Research with hispanic populations. Newbury Park, CA Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy, C., & Hideg, G. (2017). Global violent deaths. 2017: Time to decide. Geneva, Switzerland: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Méndez, L. B. (2000). Violencia de género y prevención. El problema de la violencia masculina [Gender violence and prevention: The problem of male violence]. Intervencion en Jornadas: Actuaciones Sociopolíticas Preventivas de la Violencia de Género, 1–11. Retrieved from http://www.bancariasba.com.ar/DDHH/Masculindad.y.violencia-prevenci%C3%B3n_Bonino.Mendez.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672–682. doi:10.2307/2084686
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, S. L. (2007). Qualitative research in counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(2), 209–235. doi:10.1177/0011000006286990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosher, D. L., & Sirkin, M. (1984). Measuring a macho personality constellation. Journal of Research in Personality, 18(2), 150–163. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(84)90026-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neergaard, M. A., Olesen, F., Andersen, R. S., & Sondergaard, J. (2009). Qualitative description - the poor cousin of health research? BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9(1), 52–56. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-9-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff, J. A., Prihoda, T. J., & Hoppe, S. K. (1991). Machismo,” self-esteem, education and high maximum drinking among Anglo, Black and Mexican-American male drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52(5), 458–463. doi:10.15288/jsa.1991.52.458
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng‐Mak, D. S., Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., & Stueve, C. A. (2004). Pathologic adaptation to community violence among inner‐city youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(2), 196–208. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.74.2.196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng‐Mak, D. S., Stueve, A., Salzinger, S., & Feldman, R. (2002). Normalization of violence among inner‐city youth: A formulation for research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(1), 92–101. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, D. G., Serovich, J. M., & Mason, T. L. (2005). Constraints and opportunities with interview transcription: Towards reflection in qualitative research. Social Forces, 84(2), 1273–1289. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Shea, L. E., Mitchell, A. E., Picchioni, M. M., & Dickens, G. L. (2013). Moderators of the predictive efficacy of the historical, clinical and risk management-20 for aggression in psychiatric facilities: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(2), 255–270. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prados de la Escosura, L. (2007). Inequality and poverty in Latin America: A long-run exploration. In T. J. Hatton., K. H. ÓRourke, & A. M. Taylor (Eds.), The new comparative economic history (pp. 291–315). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers, D. (2006). Living in the shadow of death: Gangs, violence and social order in urban Nicaragua, 1996–2002. Journal of Latin American Studies, 38(2), 267–292. doi:10.1017/S0022216X0600071X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez Rodríguez, G. (2008). Violencia machista y medios de comunicación. El tratamiento informativo de los delitos relacionados con el maltrato a mujeres. [Gender violence and media. The informative processing of offences related with violence against woman]. Comunicación y Hombre, 4, 155–167. doi:10.32466/eufv-cyh.2008.4.97.155-167
   Google Scholar
• Schlager, M. D., & Simourd, D. J. (2007). Validity of the level of service inventory—revised (LSI-R) among African American and Hispanic male offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(4), 545–554. doi:10.1177/0093854806296039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnakenberg, K. E., & Fariss, C. J. (2014). Dynamic patterns of human rights practices. Political Science Research and Methods, 2(1), 1–31. doi:10.1017/psrm.2013.15
   Google Scholar
• Singh, J. P., Desmarais, S. L., Hurducas, C., Arbach-Lucioni, K., Condemarin, C., Dean, K., … Otto, R. K. (2014). International perspectives on the practical application of violence risk assessment: A global survey of 44 countries. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13(3), 193–206. doi:10.1080/14999013.2014.922141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J. P., Grann, M., & Fazel, S. (2011). A comparative study of violence risk assessment tools: A systematic review and metaregression analysis of 68 studies involving 25,980 participants. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 499–513. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeem, J. L., & Monahan, J. (2011). Current directions in violence risk assessment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 38–42. doi:10.1177/0963721410397271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tongco, M. D. C. (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 5, 147–158. doi:10.17348/era.5.0.147-158
   Google Scholar
• Triandis, H. C. (1992). Cross-cultural research in social psychology. In D. Granberg & G. Sarup (Eds.), Social judgment and intergroup relations: Essays in honor of Muzafer Sherif (pp. 229–243). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Valencia Triana, S. (2014). Teoría transfeminista para el análisis de la violencia machista y la reconstrucción no-violenta del tejido social en el México contemporáneo [Transfeminist theory for the analysis of male violence and the nonviolent reconstruction of the social fabric in contemporary Mexico. Universitas Humanística, 78, 65–88. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.UH78.ttpa
   Google Scholar
• Varela, J. G., Boccaccini, M. T., Murrie, D. C., Caperton, J. D., & Gonzalez, E. (2013). Do the Static-99 and Static-99R perform similarly for White, Black, and Latino sexual offenders? International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 12(4), 231–243. doi:10.1080/14999013.2013.846950
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, J. S. (2005). The Maudsley violence questionnaire: Initial validation and reliability. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(1), 187–201. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, J. S., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2006). The Maudsley violence questionnaire: Relationship to personality and self-reported offending. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(4), 795–806. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F., & Arnold, M. T. (2008). Localized income inequality, concentrated disadvantage and homicide. Applied Geography, 28(4), 259–270. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, C. D., Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D., & Hart, S. D. (1998). The HCR–20: Assessing risk for violence (Version 2). Burnaby, Canada: Simon Fraser University and Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Whittemore, R., Chase, S. K., & Mandle, C. L. (2001). Validity in qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 11(4), 522–537. doi:10.1177/104973201129119299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanow, D., & Schwartz-Shea, P. (2006). Interpretation and method: Empirical research methods and the interpretive turn. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe Inc.
   Google Scholar