References
- Backley , R. 2004 . “ Skilled commercial adventure: The edge of tourism ” . In New Horizons in Tourism: Strange Experiences and Stranger Practices , Edited by: Singh , T. V. 37 – 48 . Wallingford : CABI .
- Backman , K. F. , Backman , S. J. , Uysal , M. and Sunshine , K. M. 1995 . Event tourism: An examination of motivations and activities . Festival Management and Event Tourism , 3 (1) : 15 – 24 .
- Cater , C. I. and Mykletun , R. J. Selling the extreme: Marketing adventure destinations in New Zealand and Norway . Tourism at the Limits, Conference Proceedings, Waikato, . December 2003 , Hamilton, New Zealand.
- Cater , C. I. 2006 . Playing with risk: Participants perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism . Tourism Management , 27 (2) : 317 – 325 .
- Chalip , L. and Green , B. C. 2001 . Leveraging subculture and identity to promote sport events . Sport Management Review , 4 : 1 – 20 .
- Crompton , J. 1979 . Motivations of pleasure vacations . Annals of Tourism Research , 6 (4) : 408 – 424 .
- Crompton , J. L. and McKay , S. L. 1997 . Motives of visitors attending festival events . Annals of Tourism Research , 24 (2) : 426 – 439 .
- Dann , G. and Phillips , J. 2001 . “ Qualitative tourism research in the late twentieth century and beyond ” . In Tourism in the Twenty‐First Century: Reflections on Experience , Edited by: Faulkner , B. , Moscardo , G. and Laws , E. 247 – 265 . London : Continuum .
- Dolnicar , S. and Grün , B. 2008 . Challenging “factor‐cluster segmentation” . Journal of Travel Research , 47 (1) : 63 – 71 .
- Extreme Sports Week . 2006 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 from: http://www.ekstremsportveko.com/
- Faulkner , B. , Fredline , E. , Larson , M. and Tomljenovic , I. 1999 . A marketing analysis of Sweden’s Storsjöyran musical festival . Tourism Analysis , 4 : 157 – 171 .
- Formica , S. and Uysal , M. 1996 . A market segmentation of festival visitors: Umbria Jazz Festival in Italy . Festival Management and Event Tourism , 3 : 75 – 182 .
- Formica , S. and Uysal , M. 1998 . Market segmentation of an international cultural historical event . Journal of Travel Research , 36 (4) : 16 – 24 .
- Fredline , E. and Faulkner , B. 2000 . Host community reactions: A cluster analysis . Annals of Tourism Research , 27 (3) : 763 – 784 .
- Frolich , S. 2005 . That playfulness of white masculinity: Mediating masculinities and adventure at mountain film festivals . Tourist Studies , 5 (2) : 175 – 193 .
- Getz , D. 1991 . Festivals, Special Events and Tourism , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
- Getz , D. 2003 . Media management at sport events for destination promotion: Case studies and concepts . Event Management , 8 (3) : 127 – 139 .
- Getz , D. 2007 . Event Studies: A Multi‐disciplinary Approach , Oxford : Elsevier Butterworth‐Heinemann .
- Gibson , H. 2002 . “ Sport tourism at a crossroad? Considerations for the future ” . In Sport Tourism: Principles and Practice , Edited by: Gammon , S. and Kurtzman , J. 123 – 140 . Eastbourne : LSA Publication no. 76 .
- Green , B. C. and Chalip , L. 1998 . Sport tourism as a celebration of subculture: The ethnography of a women’s football tournament . Annals of Tourism Research , 25 (2) : 275 – 291 .
- Higham , J. E. S. 2005 . “ Sport tourism destinations: Issues, opportunities and analysis ” . In Sport Tourism Destinations: Issues, Opportunities and Analysis , Edited by: Higham , J. E. S. 1 – 14 . Oxford : Elsevier Butterworth‐Heinemann .
- Iso‐Ahola , S. E. 1982 . Towards a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder . Annals of Tourism Research , 9 (2) : 256 – 262 .
- Johnston , M. E. and Twynam , D. G. 2006 . “ Sport event tourism and involvement behaviour of resident and non‐resident spectators ” . In Sporting events and Event Tourism: Impacts, Plans and Opportunities , Edited by: Robertson , M. 71 – 93 . Eastbourne : LSA Publication no. 91 .
- Kim , N. S. and Chalip , L. 2004 . Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints . Tourism Management , 25 (6) : 695 – 707 .
- Lee , C. K. 2000 . A comparative study of Caucasian and Asian visitors to a Cultural Expo in an Asian setting . Tourism Management , 21 (2) : 169 – 176 .
- Lee , C. , Lee , Y. and Wicks , B. 2004 . Segmentation of festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction . Tourism Management , 25 (2) : 61 – 70 .
- Li , X. and Petrick , J. F.A. 2006 . Review of festival and event motivation studies . Event Management , 9 (4) : 239 – 245 .
- Milner , L. M. , Jago , L. K. and Deery , M. 2003 . Profiling the special event nonattendee: An initial investigation . Event Management , 8 (3) : 141 – 150 .
- Mohr , K. , Backman , K. F. , Gahan , L. W. and Backman , S. J. 1993 . An investigation of festival motivations and event satisfaction by visitor type . Festival Management and Event Tourism , 1 : 89 – 97 .
- Mykletun , R. J. 2009 . Celebrating extreme playfulness: Ekstremsportveko at Voss . Scandinavian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality , 9 (2–3) : 000 – 000 .
- Nicholson , R. E. and Pearce , D. G. 2001 . Why do people attend events: A comparative analysis of visitor motivations at four South Island events . Journal of Travel Research , 39 (4) : 449 – 460 .
- Park , D.‐B. and Yoon , Y‐S. 2009 . Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean case study . Tourism Management , 30 (2) : 99 – 108 .
- Pitts , B. G. 1999 . Sports tourism and niche markets: Identification and analysis of the growing lesbian and gay sports tourism industry . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 5 (1) : 31 – 50 .
- Puchan , H. 2005 . Living “extreme”: Adventure sports, media and commercialization . Journal of Communication Management , 9 (2) : 171 – 178 .
- Ritchie , B. 2002 . “ Sport Tourism: Small‐scale sport event tourism: The changing dynamics of the New Zealand Master Games ” . In Niche Tourism, Contemporary Issues, Trends and Cases , Edited by: Novelli , M. 157 – 170 . London : Elservier .
- Ritchie , B. , Mosedale , L. and King , J. 2002 . Profiling sport tourists: The case of Super 12 Rugby Union in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia . Current Issues in Tourism , 5 (1) : 33 – 44 .
- Scott , D. 1996 . A comparison of visitors’ motivations to attend three urban festivals . Festival Management and Event Tourism , 3 : 121 – 128 .
- Seungmo , K. T. , Greenwell , C. , Andrewa , D. P. S. , Leeb , J. and Mahony , D. F. 2008 . An analysis of spectator motives in an individual combat sport: A study of mixed martial arts fans . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 17 (2) : 109 – 119 .
- Standeven , J. and De Knop , P. 1999 . Sport Tourism , Leeds : Human Kinetics .
- Stebbins , R. A. 1979 . Amateurs: On the Margin Between Work and Leisure , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
- Stebbins , R. A. 1992 . Amateurs, Professionals and Serious Leisure , Montreal, QC : McGill‐Queen’s University Press .
- Stebbins , R. A. 1997 . Casual leisure: A conceptual statement . Leisure Studies , 16 (1) : 17 – 25 .
- Stebbins , R.A. 2005 . Challenging Mountain Nature: Risk, Motive, and Lifestyle in Three Hobbyist Sports , Calgary, AB : Detselig .
- Stebbins , R.A. 2006 . Serious Leisure: A Perspective for Our Time , New Brunswick, NJ : Aldine/Transaction .
- Swanson , S. R. , Gwinner , K. P. , Larson , B. V. and Janda , S. 2003 . Motivations of college student game attendance and word‐of‐mouth behavior: The impact of gender differences . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 12 (3) : 151 – 162 .
- Uysal , M. , Backman , K. , Backman , S. and Potts , T. An examination of event tourism motivation and activities . New Horizons in Tourism and Hospitality Education, Training and Research, Conference Proceedings . Edited by: Bratton , R. D. , Go , F. M. and Brent Ritchie , J. R. pp. 203 – 218 . Calgary World Tourism Education and Research Centre, The University of Calgary
- Uysal , M. , Gahan , L. and Martin , B. 1993 . An examination of event motivations: A case study . Festival Management and Event Tourism , 1 (1) : 5 – 10 .
- Veblen , T. 1899 . Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions , New York : Macmillan .
- Wann , D. L. , Grieve , F. , Zapalac , R. K. and Pease , D. G. 2008 . Motivational profiles of sport fans of different sports . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 19 (1) : 6 – 19 .
- Yoder , D. G. 1997 . A model for commodity intensive serious leisure . Journal of Leisure Research , 29 : 407 – 429 .