851
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Effects of Negative Political Advertising on Individuals' Cynicism and Self-Efficacy: The Impact of Ad Type and Message Exposures

, &
Pages 24-42 | Published online: 15 Apr 2008

REFERENCES

  • Airne , D. and Benoit , W. L. 2005 . Political television advertising in campaign 2000 . Communication Quarterly , 53 ( 4 ) : 473 – 492 .
  • Anand , P. and Sternthal , B. 1990 . Ease of message processing as a moderator of repetition effects in advertising . Journal of Marketing Research , 27 : 345 – 353 .
  • Ansolabehere , S. and Iyengar , S. 1995 . Going negative: How political advertisements shrink and polarize the electorate , New York : Free Press .
  • Austin , E. W. and Pinkleton , B. E. 1995 . Positive and negative effects of political disaffection on the less experienced voter . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 39 ( 2 ) : 215 – 235 .
  • Bandura , A. 1997 . Self efficacy: The exercise of control , New York : Freeman .
  • Benoit , W. L. 2001 . The functional approach to presidential television spots: Acclaiming, attacking, defending 1952–2000 . Communication Studies , 52 ( 2 ) : 109 – 126 .
  • Benoit , W. L. 2004 . Election outcome and topic of political campaign attack ads . The Southern Journal of Communication , 69 ( 4 ) : 348 – 355 .
  • Bornstein , R. F. 1989 . Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987 . Psychological Bulletin , 106 ( 2 ) : 265 – 289 .
  • Bowen , L. , Stamm , K. and Clark , F. 2000 . Television reliance and political malaise: A contingency analysis . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 44 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
  • Brazeal , L. M. and Benoit , W. L. 2006 . On the spot: A functional analysis of congressional television spots, 1980–2004 . Communication Studies , 57 ( 4 ) : 401 – 420 .
  • Cacioppo , J. T. and Petty , R. E. 1979 . Effects of message repetition and position on cognitive response, recall, and persuasion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 97 – 109 .
  • Cappella , J. N. and Jamieson , K. H. 1994 . Broadcast adwatch effects . Communication Research , 21 ( 3 ) : 342 – 365 .
  • Cappella , J. N. and Jamieson , K. H. 1997 . Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Chen , K. 1992 . Political alienation and voting turnout in the United States, 1960–1988 , San Francisco : Mellen Research University Press .
  • Cohen , J. and Davis , R. G. 1991 . Third-person effects and the differential impact in negative political advertising . Journalism Quarterly , 68 ( 4 ) : 680 – 688 .
  • Craig , S. C. , Niemi , R. G. and Silver , G. E. 1990 . Political efficacy and trust: A report on the NES pilot study items . Political Behavior , 12 ( 3 ) : 289 – 313 .
  • Davison , W. P. 1983 . The third-person effect in communication . Public Opinion Quarterly , 47 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
  • Fabrigar , L. R. , Priester , J. R. , Petty , R. E. and Wegener , D. T. 1998 . The impact of attitude accessibility on elaboration of persuasive messages . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 24 ( 4 ) : 339 – 352 .
  • Freedman , P. and Goldstein , K. 1999 . Measuring media exposure and the effects of negative campaign ads . American Journal of Political Science , 43 ( 4 ) : 1189 – 1208 .
  • Garramone , G. M. 1984 . Voter responses to negative political ads . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 61 ( 2 ) : 250
  • Garramone , G. M. 1985 . Effects of negative political advertising: The roles of sponsor and rebuttal . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 29 ( 2 ) : 147 – 159 .
  • Garramone , G. M. , Atkin , C. K. , Pinkleton , B. E. and Cole , R. T. 1990 . Effects of negative political advertising on the political process . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 34 ( 3 ) : 299 – 311 .
  • Hofstetter , C. R. , Zuniga , S. and Dozier , D. M. 2001 . Media self-efficacy: Validation of a new concept . Mass Communication and Society , 4 ( 1 ) : 61 – 76 .
  • Horn , R. C. and Conway , M. M. 1996 . “ Public judgment and political engagement in the 1992 election ” . In Broken contract? Changing relationships between Americans and their government , Edited by: Craig , S. C. 110 – 126 . Boulder, CO : Westview. .
  • Johnson-Cartee , K. S. and Copeland , G. 1989 . Southern voters' reaction to negative political ads in 1986 election . Journalism Quarterly , 66 ( 4 ) : 888 – 894 .
  • Judd , C. M. and Brauer , M. 1995 . “ Repetition and evaluative extremity ” . In Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences , Edited by: Petty , R. E. and Krosnick , J. A. 43 – 71 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. .
  • Kaid , L. L. and Johnston , A. 2000 . Videostyle in presidential campaigns: Style and content of televised political advertising , Westport, CT : Praeger .
  • Kaid , L. L. and Postelnicu , M. 2005 . Political advertising in the 2004 election: Comparison of traditional television and internet messages . American Behavioral Scientist , 49 ( 2 ) : 265 – 278 .
  • Lee , T. T. 2005 . Media effects on political disengagement revisited: A multiple-media approach . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 82 ( 2 ) : 416 – 433 .
  • Moy , P. , Pfau , M. and Kahlor , L. 1999 . Media use and public confidence in democratic institutions . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 43 ( 2 ) : 137 – 158 .
  • Newhagen , J. E. 1994 . Media use and political efficacy: The suburbanization of race and class . Journal of the American Society for Information Science , 45 ( 6 ) : 386 – 394 .
  • Pechman , C. and Steward , D. W. 1989 . Advertising repetition: A critical review of wearin and wearout . Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising , 12 : 285 – 330 .
  • Pinkleton , B. E. and Austin , E. W. 2001 . Individual motivations, perceived media importance, and political disaffection . Political Communication , 18 ( 3 ) : 321 – 334 .
  • Pinkleton , B. E. and Austin , E. W. 2002 . Exploring relationships among media use frequency, perceived media importance, and media satisfaction in political disaffection and efficacy . Mass Communication and Society , 5 ( 2 ) : 141 – 163 .
  • Pinkleton , B. E. and Austin , E. W. 2004 . Media perceptions and public affairs apathy in the politically inexperienced . Mass Communication and Society , 7 ( 3 ) : 319 – 337 .
  • Pinkleton , B. E. , Um , N.-H. and Austin , E. W. 2002 . An exploration of the effects of negative political advertising on political decision making . Journal of Advertising , 31 ( 1 ) : 13 – 25 .
  • Roddy , B. L. and Garramone , G. M. 1988 . Appeals and strategies of negative political advertising . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 32 ( 4 ) : 415
  • Schenck-Hamlin , W. J. , Procter , D. E. and Rumsey , D. J. 2000 . The influence of negative advertising frames on political cynicism and politician accountability . Human Communication Research , 26 ( 1 ) : 53 – 74 .
  • Shyles , C. L. 1984 . The relationships of images, issues and presentational methods in televised spot advertisements for 1980's American presidential primaries . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 28 ( 4 ) : 405 – 421 .
  • Tedesco , J. C. 2002 . Televised political advertising effects: Evaluating responses during the 2000 Robb-Allen senatorial election . Journal of Advertising , 31 ( 1 ) : 37 – 48 .
  • Wattenberg , M. P. and Brians , C. L. 1999 . Negative campaign advertising: Demobilizer or mobilizer? . American Political Science Review , 93 ( 4 ) : 891 – 899 .
  • Weaver-Lariscy , R. A. and Tinkham , S. F. 1999 . The sleeper effect and negative political advertising . Journal of Advertising , 28 ( 4 ) : 13 – 30 .
  • West , D. M. 1997 . Air wars: Television advertising in election campaigns, 1952–1992 , 2nd , Washington, DC : Congressional Quarterly .
  • Wilkins , K. G. 2000 . The role of media in public disengagement from political life . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 44 ( 4 ) : 569 – 580 .
  • Yoon , K , Pinkleton , B. E. and Ko , W. 2005 . Effects of negative political advertising on voting intention: An exploration of the roles of involvement and source credibility in the development of voter cynicism . Journal of Marketing Communications , 11 ( 2 ) : 95 – 112 .
  • Zajonc , R. B. 1968 . Attitudinal effects of mere exposure . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Monographs Supplement , 9 ( 2, Pt. 2 ) : 1 – 27 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.