The News Norms and Values of Presidential Debate Agendas: An Analysis of Format and Moderator Influence on Question Content

REFERENCES

• Bagdikian, B. H. (1983). The media monopoly. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, M. A. (2002). Sex, lies, and war: How soft news brings foreign policy to the inattentive public. American Political Science Review, 96, 91–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, M. A., & Kernell, S. (1999). Has cable ended the golden age of presidential television? American Political Science Review, 93, 99–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. L., & Serrin, W. (2005). The watchdog role of the press. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The institutions of American democracy: The press (pp. 169–188). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benoit, W. L., & Hansen, G. J. (2001). Presidential debate questions and the public agenda. Communication Quarterly, 49, 130–141.
   Google Scholar
• Benoit, W. L., Hansen, G. J., & Verser, R. M. (2003). A meta-analysis of the effects of viewing U.S. presidential debates. Communication Monographs, 70, 335–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Porath, E. N. (2007). Question bias and violations of comparability in intraparty debate: Iowa and New Hampshire, 2004. Communication Quarterly, 55, 375–396.
   Google Scholar
• Boczkowski, P. J. (2009). Rethinking hard and soft news production: From common ground to divergent paths. Journal of Communication, 59, 98–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boczkowski, P. J. (2010). News at work: Imitation in an age of information abundance. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Breed, W. (1955). Social control in the newsroom: A functional analysis. Social Forces, 33, 326–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, B. I. (2001). Mediated electoral democracy: Campaigns, incentives, and reform. In W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp. 362–379). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carlin, D. P., Morris, E., & Smith, S. (2001). The influence of format and questions on candidates' argument choices in the 2000 presidential debates. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 2196–2218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. E. (2008). The presidency in the era of 24-hour news. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini, M. X., & Williams, B. A. (2001). Let us infotain you: Politics in the new media environment. In W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp. 160–181). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Druckman, J. N. (2003). The power of television images: The first Kennedy–Nixon debate revisited. The Journal of Politics, 65, 559–571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaway, J. (2008). Markets, ownership, and the quality of campaign news coverage. The Journal of Politics, 70, 1193–1202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. (2005). The nature and sources of news. In G. Overholser & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The institutions of American democracy: The press (pp. 48–65). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fallows, J. (2008). Rhetorical questions. Atlantic Monthly, 302(2), 34–52.
   Google Scholar
• Farnsworth, S. J., & Lichter, S. R. (2011). The nightly news nightmare: Media coverage of U.S. presidential elections, 1988–2008. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Gans, H. J. (1979). Deciding what's news: A study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. New York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Graber, D. A. (1972). Personal qualities in presidential images: The contribution of the press. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 16, 46–76.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, J. T. (2004). All the news that's fit to sell: How the market transforms information into news. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, R. P., & Jarvis, S. E. (1997). Political debate: Forms, styles, and media. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 1095–1122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook, T. M. (1999). Political learning from presidential debates. Political Behavior, 21, 67–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., Norpoth, H., & Hahn, K. S. (2004). Consumer demand for election news: The horserace sells. The Journal of Politics, 66, 157–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson-Beeck, M., & Meadow, R. G. (1979). The triple agenda of presidential debates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 43, 173–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson, K. H., & Birdsell, D. S. (1988). Presidential debates: The challenge of creating an informed electorate. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, A. (2009). Losing the news: The future of the news that feeds democracy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Just, M. R., Crigler, A. N., Alger, D. E., Cook, T. E., & West, D. (1996). Crosstalk: Citizens, candidates, and the media in a presidential campaign. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kahn, K. F. (1991). Senate elections in the news: Examining campaign coverage. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 16, 349–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaid, L. L., McKinney, M. S., & Tedesco, J. C. (2000). Civic dialogue in the 1996 presidential campaign: Candidates, media, and public voices. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2007). The elements of journalism: What newspeople should know and the public should expect. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, R. G. (2000). Game-framing the issues: Tracking the strategy frame in public policy news. Political Communication, 17, 93–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matera, F. R., & Salwen, M. B. (1996). Unwieldy questions? Circuitous answers? Journalists as panelists in presidential election debates. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 309–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McChesney, R. W. (2004). The problem of the media: U.S. communication politics in the 21st Century. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney, M. S. (2005). Let the people speak: The public's agenda and presidential town hall debates. American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 198–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minow, N. N., & LaMay, C. L. (2008). Inside the presidential debates: Their improbably past and promising future. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morello, J. T. (2005). Questioning the questions: An examination of the unpredictable 2004 Bush–Kerry town hall debate. Argumentation and Advocacy, 41, 211–224.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, T. E. (1994). Out of order. New York, NY: Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, T. E. (2000). Doing well and doing good: How soft news and critical journalism are shrinking the news audience and weakening democracy—and what news outlets can do about it (Faculty Research Working Paper Series, RWP01–001). Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
   Google Scholar
• Plasser, F. (2005). From hard to soft news standards? How political journalists in different media systems evaluate the shifting quality of news. International Journal of Press/Politics, 10, 47–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior, M. (2003). Any good news in soft news? The impact of soft news preference on political knowledge. Political Communication, 20, 149–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increase inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2005). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, A. (2008). Presidential debates: Fifty years of high-risk TV. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shehata, A., & Stromback, J. (2013). Not (yet) a new era of minimal effects: A study of agenda setting at the aggregate and individual levels. International Journal of Press/Politics, 18, 234–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (1991). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content. White Plains, NY: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Sigelman, L. (1973). Reporting the news: An organizational analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 79, 132–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Son, Y. J., & Weaver, D. H. (2005). Another look at what moves public opinion: Media agenda setting and polls in the 2000 U.S. election. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 18, 174–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparrow, B. H. (2006). A research agenda for an institutional media. Political Communication, 23, 145–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromer-Galley, J., & Bryant, L. (2011). Agenda control in the 2008 CNN/YouTube debates. Communication Quarterly, 59, 529–546.
   Google Scholar
• Sweetser, K., Golan, G., & Wanta, W. (2008). Intermedia agenda setting in television, advertising, and blogs during the 2004 election. Mass Communication and Society, 11, 197–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trent, J. S., Friedenberg, R. V., & Denton, R. E. (2011). Political campaign communication. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Tuchman, G. (1973). Objectivity as strategic ritual: An examination of newsmen's notions of objectivity. American Journal of Sociology, 77, 660–679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood, D. (2001). Reporting and the push for market-oriented journalism: Media organizations as businesses. In W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (Eds.), Mediated politics: Communication in the future of democracy (pp. 99–116). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, B. A., & Delli Carpini, M. X. (2011). After broadcast news: Media regimes, democracy, and the new information environment. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar