Selectively Social Politics: The Differing Roles of Media Use on Political Discussion

REFERENCES

• Bennett, S. E., Flickinger, R. S., & Rhine, S. L. (2000). Political talk over here, over there, over time. British Journal of Political Science, 30, 99–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgida, E., Federico, C. M., & Sullivan, J. L. (2009). The political psychology of democratic citizenship. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brundidge, J., & Rice, R. E. (2009). Political engagement and exposure to heterogeneous political discussion: Do the (information) rich get richer and the similar get more similar? In A. Chadwick & P. N. Howard (Eds.), The handbook of internet politics (pp. 134–156). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, M., Grabe, M. E., & Grieves, K. (2007). Villains, victims and the virtuous in Bill O'Reilly's “No-Spin Zone”: Revisiting world war propaganda techniques. Journalism Studies, 8, 197–223.
   Google Scholar
• Curtin, R., Presser, S., & Singer, E. (2000). The effects of response rate changes on the index of consumer sentiment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, 413–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delli-Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Denton, R. E., & Woodward, G. C. (1998). Political communication in America. New York, NY: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., Jr. (2004). The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens: The roles of information, motivation, and elaboration. Political Communication, 21, 177–193. doi:10.1080/10584600490443877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., Jr., & Dunwoody, S. (2000). Examining information processing on the World Wide Web using think aloud protocols. Media Psychology, 2, 219–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., Jr., & Hively, M. H. (2009). Political discussion frequency, network size, and “heterogeneity” of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation. Journal of Communication, 59, 205–224. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01412.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., Jr., Shah, D., & Kwak, N. (2003). Assessing casuality in the Cognitive Mediation Model: A panel study of motivations, information processing, and learning during Campaign 2000. Communication Research, 30, 359–386. doi:10.1177/0093650203253369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanigan, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2001). Internet use in the contemporary media environment. Human Communication Research, 27, 153–181. doi:10.1093/hcr/27.1.153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, L. R., Goldsmith, R. E., & Eastman, J. K. (1996). Opinion leaders and opinion seekers: Two new measurement scales. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24, 137–147.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, S. (1999). Understanding party identification: A social identity approach. Political Psychology, 20, 393–403. doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guérin, D., Petry, F., & Crête, J. (2004). Tolerance, protest and democratic transition: Survey evidence from 13 post-communist countries. European Journal of Political Research, 43, 371–395. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00158.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, G., Haridakis, P., Wagstaff, A., Sharma, R., & Ponder, J. (2011). The 2008 Presidential Campaign: Political cynicism in the age of Facebook, MySpace and YouTube. Mass Communication & Society, 13, 584–507. doi:10.1080/15205436.2010.513470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood, J. (1999). Age identification, social identity gratifications and television viewing. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43, 123–136. doi:10.1080/08838159909364479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetherington, M. J. (2001). Resurgent mass partisanship: The role of elite polarization. American Political Science Review, 95, 619–631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himelboim, I., Gleave, E., & Smith, M. (2009). Discussion catalysts in online political discussions: Content importers and conversation starters. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 14(4), 771–789. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01470.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hmielowski, J. D., Holbert, R. L., & Lee, J. (2011). Predicting the consumption of political TV satire: Affinity for political humor, The Daily Show, and The Colbert Report. Communication Monographs, 78, 96–114. doi:10.1080/03637751.2010.54257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16, 7–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook, R. A., & Hill, T. (2005). Agenda-setting and priming in prime time television: Crime dramas as political cues. Political Communication, 22, 277–295. doi:10.1080/10584600591006519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddy, L. (2001). From social to political identity: A critical examination of social identity theory. Political Psychology, 22, 127–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson, K. H., & Cappella, J. N. (2008). Echo chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the conservative media establishment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaid, L. L., Fernandes, J., & Painter, D. (2011). Effects of political advertising in the 2008 Presidential Campaign. American Behavioral Scientist, 55, 437–456. doi:10.1177/0002764211398071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye, B., & Johnson, T. (2004). A web for all reasons: Uses and gratifications of internet components for political information. Telematics and Informatics, 21, 197–223. doi:10.1016/S0736-5853(03)00037-6
   Google Scholar
• Keeter, S., Kennedy, C., Dimock, M., Best, J., & Craighill, P. (2006). Gauging the impact of growing nonresponse on estimates from a national RDD telephone survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70, 759–779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., & Johnson, T. J. (2012). Political blog readers: Predictors of motivations for accessing political blogs. Telematics and Informatics, 29, doi:10.1016/j.tele.2011.04.003
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. K., Wyatt, R. O., & Katz, E. (1999). News, talk, opinion, participation: The part played by conversation in deliberative democracy. Political Communication, 16, 361–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korostelina, K. V. (2007). Social identity and conflict: structures, dynamics, and implications. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kwak, N., Williams, A., Wang, X., & Lee, H. (2005). Talking politics and engaging politics: An examination of the interactive relationships between structural features of political talk and discussion engagement. Communication Research, 32, 87–111. doi:10.1177/0093650204271400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1948). The people's choice, second edition. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, M. R., & Windahl, S. (1984). Audience activity and gratifications: A conceptual clarification and exploration. Communication Research, 11, 51–78. doi:10.1177/009365084011001003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCombs, M., Holbert, L., Kiousis, S., & Wanta, W. (2011). The news and public opinion: Media effects on civic life. Malden, MA: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the Five-Factor Model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod, J. M., & Becker, L. B. (1974). Testing the validity of gratification measures through political effects analysis. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives of gratifications research (pp. 137–164). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mendez, J. M., & Osborn, T. (2010). Gender and the perception of knowledge in political discussion. Political Research Quarterly, 63, 269–279. doi:10.1177/1065912908328860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moy, P., & Gastil, J. (2006). Predicting deliberative conversation: The impact of discussion networks, media use, and political cognitions. Political Communication, 23, 443–460. doi:10.1080/10584600600977003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C. (2002). The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 46, 838–855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C., & Martin, P. S. (2001). Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: The role of mass media. American Political Review, 95, 97–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, M. (2011). A structural hermeneutics of The O'Reilly Factor. Theory and Society, 40, 315–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 175–196. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perse, E. M. (1990). Media involvement and local news effects. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34, 17–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center for the People and Press. (2009). Public evaluations of the news media: 1985–2009 press accuracy rating hits two decade low. Retrieved from http://people-press.org/2009/09/13/press-accuracy-rating-hits-two-decade-low/
   Google Scholar
• Pfau, M., Houston, J. B., & Semmler, S. M. (2005). Presidential election campaigns and American democracy: The relationship between communication use and normative outcomes. American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 48–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Rill, L. A., & McKinney, M. S. (2011). Talking politics: Young citizens' interpersonal interaction during the 2008 presidential campaign. In M. S. McKinney & M. C. Banwart (Eds.), Communication in the 2008 U.S. Election: Digital natives elect a president (pp. 51–70). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M. (1983). Television uses and gratifications: The interactions of viewing patterns and motivations. Journal of Broadcasting, 27, 27–51.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M. (2009). The uses-and-gratifications perspective of media effects. In J. Bryant & M. B. Olliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 165–184). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, A. M., & Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience activity and television news gratifications. Communication Research, 14, 58–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saletan, W. (2010, March 3). Bubble think: How to escape a partisan echo chamber. Retrieved from: http://www.slate.com/id/2252685/
   Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A. (2002). Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior. Communication Research, 29, 46–65. doi:10.1177/009365020202900103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., Kwak, N., & Holbert, R. L. (2001). “Connecting” and “disconnecting” with civic life: The effects of Internet use on the production of social capital. Political Communication, 18, 141–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., & Scheufele, D. A. (2006). Explicating opinion leadership: Nonpolitical dispositions, information, consumption, and civic participation. Political Communication, 23, 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30, 341–366. doi:10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T., & James, J. D. (2001). The motivation scale for sport consumption: Assessment of the scale's psychometric properties. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 108–127.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2013). Voting and registration in the Election of November 2012. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/socdemo/voting/publications/p20/2012/tables.html
   Google Scholar
• Vis, F. (2014). The rapid spread of misinformation online. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/farida-vis/the-rapid-spread-of-misinformation-online_b_4665678.html
   Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L. (1995). Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 19, 377–396.
   Google Scholar