Perception and Emotion: The Indirect Effect of Reported Election Poll Results on Political Participation Intention and Support for Restrictions

REFERENCES

• Abelson, R. P., Kinder, D. R., Peters, M. D., & Fiske, S. T. (1982). Affective and semantic components in political personal perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 619–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Association for Public Opinion Research. (2011). Standard definitions: Final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys. Deerfield, IL: Author. Retrieved from http://www.aapor.org/Standard_Definitions2.htm
   Google Scholar
• Banning, S. A. (2006). Third-person effects on political participation. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83, 785–800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, J., Park, H. S., & Chang, J. (2011). Hostile media perception, involvement types, and advocacy behaviors. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 88, 23–39. doi:10.1177/107769901108800102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock, G., & Scharrer, E. (2005). The psychology of media and politics. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, M. M. (2000). Political participation in the United States. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J., Beck, P. A., & Huckfeldt, R. (1998). Partisan cues and the media: Information flows in the 1992 presidential campaign. American Political Science Review, 92, 111–126. doi:10.2307/2585932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison, W. P. (1983). The third-person effect in communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vreese, C. H., & Semetko, H. A. (2002). Public perception of polls and support for restrictions on the publication of polls: Denmark's 2000 Euro referendum. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14, 367–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., & Hively, M. H. (2009). Political discussion frequency, network size, and “heterogeneity” of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation. Journal of Communication, 59, 205–224. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01412.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W. (1992). Anxiety: The cognitive perspective. East Sussex, UK: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Feng, G. C., & Guo, S. Z. (2012). Support for censorship: A multilevel meta-analysis of the third-person effect. Communication Reports, 25, 40–50. doi:10.1080/08934215.2012.661019
   Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H. (2010). Impulsive action and motivation. Biological Psychology, 84, 570–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212–228. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves, R. M. (2006). Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70, 646–675. doi:10.1093/poq/nfl033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves, R. M., & Peytcheva, E. (2008). The impact of nonresponse rates on nonresponse bias: A meta-analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72, 167–189. doi:10.1093/poq/nfn011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther, A. C., Edgerly, S., Akin, H., & Broesch, J. A. (2012). Partisan evaluation of partisan information. Communication Research, 39, 439–457. doi:10.1177/0093650212441794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther, A. C., & Storey, J. D. (2003). The influence of presumed influence. Journal of Communication, 53, 199–215. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02586.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408–420. doi:10.1080/0363775090331036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddy, L., Feldman, S., & Cassese, E. (2007). On the distinct political effects of anxiety and anger. In W. R. Neuman G. E. Marcus A. N. Crigler & M. MacKuen (Eds.), The affect effect: Dynamics of emotion in political thinking and behavior (pp. 202–230). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huge, M., & Glynn, C. J. (2010). Hostile media and the campaign trail: Perceived media bias in the race for governor. Journal of Communication, 60, 165–181. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01473.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, H., Pan, Z., & Sun, Y. (2008). Influence of hostile media perception on willingness to engage in discursive activities: An examination of mediating role of media indignation. Media Psychology, 11, 76–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York, NY: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Kepplinger, H. M. (2008). Effects of the news media on public opinion. In W. Donsbach & M. W. Traugott (Eds.), The Sage handbook of public opinion research (pp. 192–204). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H. (2013). The impact of the third person perception of news coverage of election poll results on political participation intention through anger in Korea and the U.S. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 57(4), 72–95.
   Google Scholar
• Korean Statistical Information Service. (2010). Statistical database. Retrieved from http://kosis.kr/statisticsList/statisticsList_01List.jsp?vwcd=MT_ZTITLE&parentId=A
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1984). Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 247–257). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, B., & Tamborini, R. (2005). Third-person effect and Internet pornography: The influence of collectivism and Internet self-efficacy. Journal of Communication, 55, 292–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, E. E. (1967). The psychology of anxiety. New York, NY: Bobbs-Merrill.
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L. (2003). Exploring the framing effects of emotion: Do discrete emotions differentially influence information accessibility, information seeking, and policy preference? Communication Research, 30, 224–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namkoong, K., Fung, T., & Scheufele, D. A. (2012). The politics of emotion: New media attention, emotional responses, and participation during the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Mass Communication and Society, 15, 25–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nerb, J., & Spada, H. (2001). Evaluation of environmental problems: A coherence model of cognition and emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 15, 521–551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuwirth, K., Frederick, E., & Mayo, C. (2002). Person-effects and heuristic-systematic processing. Communication Research, 29, 320–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, Z., Abisaid, J. L., Paek, H. J., Sun, Y., & Houden, D. (2006). Exploring the perceptual gap in perceived effects of media reports of opinion polls. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 18, 340–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perloff, R. M. (2009). Mass media, social perception, and the third-person effect. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 252–268). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Plutchik, R. (1962). The emotions: Facts, theories, and a new model. New York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghunathan, R., & Pham, M. T. (1999). All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79, 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1999.2838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramstad, E. (2012, December 10). Presidential race enters homestretch. The Wall Street Journal Asia. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2012/12/10/presidential-race-enters-homestretch/
   Google Scholar
• Rojas, H. (2010). “Corrective” actions in the public sphere: How perceptions of media and media effects shape political behaviors. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22, 343–363. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edq018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas, H., Shah, D. V., & Faber, R. J. (1996). For the good of others: Censorship and the third-person effect. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8, 163–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J., & Smith, C. A. (2001). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions varieties, controversies. In K. R. Scherer A. Schorr & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion (pp. 3–19). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salwen, M. B., & Dupagne, M. (1999). The third-person effect: Perceptions of the media's influence and immoral consequences. Communication Research, 26, 523–550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schattle, H. (2012, December 21). South Korea's generation gap. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
   Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In K. R. Scherer A. Schorr & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion (pp. 92–120). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt, K. M., Gunther, A. C., & Liebhart, J. L. (2004). Why partisans see mass media as biased. Communication Research, 31, 623–641. doi:10.1177/0093650204269390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., Faber, R. J., & Youn, S. (1999). Susceptibility and severity: Perceptual dimensions underlying the third-person effect. Communication Research, 26, 240–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, L., & Huggins, C. (2013). Testing the model of influence of presumed influence in a boundary condition: The impact of question order. Human Communication Research, 39, 470–491. doi:10.1111/hcre.12013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y., Pan, Z., & Shen, L. (2008). Understanding the third-person perception: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 58, 280–300. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00385.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y., Shen, L., & Pan, Z. (2008). On the behavioral component of the third-person effect. Communication Research, 35, 257–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tal-Or, N., Cohen, J., Tsfati, Y., & Gunther, A. C. (2010). Testing causal direction in the influence of presumed media influence. Communication Research, 37, 801–824. doi:10.1177/0093650210362684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, Y. (2011). Communication behaviors as mediators: Examining links between political orientation, political communication, and political participation. Communication Quarterly, 59, 380–394. doi:10.1080/01463373.2011.583503
   Google Scholar
• Traugott, M. W. (1992). The impact of media polls on the public. In T. E. Mann & G. R. Orren (Eds.), Media polls in American politics (pp. 125–149). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Traugott, M. W., & Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). The voter's guide to election polls (4th ed.). New York, NY: Roman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Tsfati, Y. (2001). Why do people trust media pre-election polls? Evidence from the Israeli 1996 elections. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 13, 433–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsfati, Y., & Cohen, J. (2003). On the effect of the ‘third-person effect’: Perceived influence of media coverage and residential mobility intentions. Journal of Communication, 53, 711–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsfati, Y., & Cohen, J. (2013). Perceptions of media and media effects: The third-person effect, trust in media, and hostile media perceptions. In A. N. Valdivia (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of media studies: Media effects/media psychology (pp. 128–188). Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Valentino, N. A., Brader, T., Groenendyk, E. W., Gregorowicz, K., & Hutchings, V. L. (2011). Election night's alright for fighting: The role of emotions in political participation. Journal of Politics, 73, 156–170. doi:10.1017/s0022381610000939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 577–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, R., Chia, S. C., & Lo, V. H. (2011). Third-person effect and hostile media perception influences on voter attitudes toward polls in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 23, 169–190. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edq044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, R., Lo, V. H., & Lu, H. Y. (2010). The third-person effect of tainted food product recall news: Examining the role of credibility, attention, and elaboration for college students in Taiwan. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87, 598–614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojcieszak, M., Baek, Y. M., & Delli Carpini, M. X. (2010). Deliberative and participatory democracy? Ideological strength and the processes leading from deliberation to political engagement. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22, 154–180. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edp050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojcieszak, M., & Price, V. (2009). What underlies the false consensus effect? How personal opinion and disagreement affect perception of public opinion. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 21, 25–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, W., & Koo, S. H. (2001). Perceived effects of sexually explicit Internet content: The third-person effect in Singapore. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 78, 260–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, J., & Gonzenbach, W. J. (2008). Does a perceptual discrepancy lead to action? A meta-analysis of the behavioral component of the third-person effect. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20, 375–385. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edn031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar