781
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Sports Draped in the American Flag: Impact of the 2014 Winter Olympic Telecast on Nationalized Attitudes

, &

REFERENCES

  • Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Angelini, J. R., Billings, A. C. & MacArthur, P. J. (2012). The nationalistic revolution will be televised: The 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games on NBC. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5, 193–209.
  • Bairner, A. (2001). Sport, nationalization, and globalization: European and North American perspectives. Albany, NY: SUNY.
  • Barnard, S., Butler, K., Golding, P. & Maguire, J. (2006). ‘Making the news:’ The 2004 Athens Olympics and competing ideologies? OLYMPIKA: The International Journal for Olympic Studies, 15, 35–58.
  • Bianco, R. (2014, February 24). NBC overdid the Olympics, and it was nearly perfect. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/
  • Billings, A. C. (2008). Olympic media: Inside the biggest show on television. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Billings, A. C. & Angelini, J. R. (2007). Packaging the games for viewer consumption: Gender, ethnicity, and nationality in NBC's coverage of the 2004 summer Olympics. Communication Quarterly, 55, 95–111. doi:10.1080/01463370600998731
  • Billings, A., Angelini, J. R., MacArthur, P. J., Smith, L. R. & Vincent, J. (2014). Fanfare for the American NBC's prime-time broadcast of the 2012 London Olympiad. Electronic News, 8, 101–119. doi:10.1177/1931243114546447
  • Billings, A. C., Angelini, J. R. & Wu, D. (2011). Nationalistic notions of the superpowers: Comparative analyses of the American and Chinese telecasts in the 2008 Beijing Olympiad. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55, 251–266. doi:10.1080/08838151.2011.571325
  • Billings, A. C., Brown, C. L., Crout, J. H., McKenna, K. E., Rice, B. A., Timanus, M. E. & Zeigler, J. (2008). The games through the NBC lens: Gender, ethnic and national equity in the 2006 Torino winter Olympics. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52, 215–230. doi:10.1080/08838150801992003
  • Billings, A. C., Brown, K. A. & Brown, N. A. (2013). 5,535 hours of impact: Effects of Olympic media on nationalism attitudes. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57, 579–595. doi:10.1080/08838151.2013.850591
  • Billings, A. C., Brown, N. A., Brown, K. A., Guo, Q., Leeman, M. A., Ličen, S., … Rowe, D. (2013). From pride to smugness and the nationalism between: Olympic media consumption effects on nationalism across the globe. Mass Communication and Society, 16, 910–932. doi:10.1080/15205436.2013.822519
  • Chiang, Y. & Chen, T. (2013). Adopting the diasporic son: Jeremy Lin and Taiwan sport nationalism (Online First Version). International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Retrieved from http://irs.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/06/12/1012690213491263.full.pdf+html
  • Cohen, J. & Weimann, G. (2000). Cultivation revisited: Some genres have some effects on some viewers. Communication Reports, 13, 99–114. doi:10.1080/08934210009367728
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–344. doi:10.1007/BF02310555
  • Crowther, N. (2004). The state of the modern Olympics: Citius, altius, fortius? European Review, 12, 445–460. doi:10.1017/S1062798704000377
  • Deitsch, R. (2012, August 10). Inside Olympics. SI.com. Retrieved from http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/olympics/2012/writers/richard_deitsch/08/10/NBCs-Mark-Lazarus-responds-to-criticism/index.html
  • Dvorak, P. (2013, August 29). Online TV addiction: Man, it's hard to shake. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/
  • Elling, A., Van Hilvoorde, I. & Van Den Dool, R. (2014). Creating or awakening national pride through sporting success: A longitudinal study on macro effects in the Netherlands. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49(2), 129–151.
  • Fischer-Baum, R. (2014, February 14). How jingoistic was NBC's, CBC's, and BBC's Olympic coverage? Deadspin. Retrieved from http://regressing.deadspin.com/how-jingoistic-was-nbcs-cbcs-bbcs-olympics-coverag-1523017447
  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorielli, N. & Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 43–67). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Hughes, M. (1980). The fruits of cultivation analysis: A reexamination of some effects of television watching. Public Opinion Quarterly, 44, 287–302. doi:10.1086/268597
  • Kamenka, E. (1993). Nationalism: Ambiguous legacies and contingent futures. Political Studies, 41, 78–92. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1993.tb01805.x
  • Kissell, R. (2014, February 24). NBC averages 21.4 million viewers for Sochi Olympics, down from Vancouver. Variety. Retrieved from http://variety.com/2014/tv/news/nbc-averages-21-4-million-for-sochi-olympics-down-from-vancouver-but-up-from-torino-1201118839/
  • Kondolojy, A. (2014, February 14). 151 million viewers—more than half of all American TV viewers—have watched the Sochi winter Olympics on the networks of NBC. TV by the numbers. Retrieved at: http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/02/14/151-million viewers-more-than-half-of-all-american-tv-viewers-have-watched-the-sochi-winter-olympics-on-the-networks-of-nbcuniversal/237264/
  • Kosterman, R. & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10, 257–274. doi:10.2307/3791647
  • Lee, J. W. & Maguire, J. (2009). Global festivals through a national prism: The global—national nexus in South Korean media coverage of the 2004 Athens Olympic games. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 44, 5–24. doi:10.1177/1012690208101483
  • Ličen, S. & Billings, A. C. (2013). Cheering for ‘our’ champs by watching ‘sexy’ female throwers: Representation of nationality and gender in Slovenian 2008 Summer Olympic television coverage. European Journal of Communication, 28, 379–396. doi:10.1177/0267323113484438
  • Livingstone, S. & Markham, T. (2008). The contribution of media consumption to civic participation. The British Journal of Sociology, 59, 351–371. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2008.00197.x
  • Nüesch, S. & Franck, E. (2009). The role of patriotism in explaining the TV audience of national team games—evidence from four international tournaments. Journal of Media Economics, 22, 6–19. doi:10.1080/08997760902724472
  • Parsons, T. (2008, June 30). Me support Andy? You have Scot to be joking. The London Daily Mirror, p. 23.
  • Real, M. R. (1989). Super media: A cultural studies approach. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Riggs, K. E., Eastman, S. T. & Golobic, T. S. (1993). Manufactured conflict in the 1992 Olympics: The discourse of television and politics. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 10, 253–272. doi:10.1080/15295039309366867
  • Roessner, L. A. (2014). Sixteen days of glory: A critical-cultural analysis of Bud Greenspan's official Olympic documentaries. Communication, Culture & Critique, 7, 338–355. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511488924
  • Shanahan, J. & Morgan, M. (1999). Television and its viewers: Cultivation theory and research. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, L. R. (2012). Winning isn't everything: The effect of nationalism bias on enjoyment of a mediated sporting event. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5, 176–192.
  • Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel & L. W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
  • van Hilvoorde, I., Elling, A. & Stovkis, R. (2010). How to influence national pride? The Olympic medal index as a unifying narrative. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 45, 87–102. doi:10.1002/ejsp.495
  • Viki, G. T. & Calitri, R. (2008). Infrahuman outgroup or suprahuman ingroup: The role of nationalism and patriotism in the infrahumanization of outgroups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 1054–1061. doi:10.1002/ejsp.495
  • Wann, D. L. (2006). The causes and consequences of sport team identification. In A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Handbook of sport and media (pp. 331–352). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Wenner, L. A. (2013). Reflections on communication and sport: On reading sport and narrative ethics. Communication and Sport, 1, 188–199. doi:10.1177/2167479512467329
  • Whannel, G. (2013). Reflections on communication and sport: On mediatization and cultural analysis. Communication and Sport, 1, 7–17. doi:10.1177/2167479512471335

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.