Who Expresses Opinions in a Hostile Online Forum Environment and When

References

• Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193, 31–35. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1155-31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, R. (2005). Group size and conformity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(4), 331–354. doi:10.1177/1368430205056464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 210–230. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, Q., Duan, W., & Gan, Q. (2011). Exploring determinants of voting for the “helpfulness” of online user reviews: A text mining approach. Decision Support Systems, 50(2), 511–521. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2010.11.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, M., Munno, G. J., & Moritz, B. (2015). Triggering participation: Exploring the effects of third-person and hostile media perceptions on online participation. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 452–461. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conover, P. J., Searing, D. D., & Crewe, I. M. (2002). The deliberative potential of political discussion. British Journal of Political Science, 32(1), 21–62. doi:10.1017/S0007123402000029.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, B. A., Kenski, K., & Wang, D. (2015). The rise of Twitter in the political campaign: Searching for intermedia agenda-setting effects in the presidential primary. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(4), 363–380. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das Sarma, A., Das Sarma, A., Gollapudi, S., & Panigrahy, R. (2010). Ranking mechanisms in Twitter-like forums. Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (pp. 21–30). New York, NY: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Dellarocas, C. (2006). Strategic manipulation of internet opinion forums: Implications for consumers and firms. Management Science, 52(10), 1577–1593. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1060.0567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini, M. X. (2000). Gen.com: Youth, civic engagement, and the new information environment. Political Communication, 17, 341–349. doi:10.1080/10584600050178942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini, M. X., Cook, F. L., & Jacobs, L. R. (2004). Public deliberation, discursive participation, and citizen engagement: A review of the empirical literature. Annual Review of Political Science, 7, 315–344. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.121003.091630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl, J., Hurwitz, M. H., Mesinas, A. M., Tolan, M., & Arlotti, A. (2013). This protest will be tweeted: Twitter and protest policing during the Pittsburgh G20. Information, Communication & Society, 16(4), 459–478. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2013.777756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feezell, J. T. (2016). Predicting online political participation: The importance of selection bias and selective exposure in the online setting. Political Research Quarterly, 69(3), 495–509. doi:10.1177/1065912916652503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishkin, J. (1995). The voice of the people. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerard, H. B., Wilhelmy, R. A., & Conolley, E. S. (1968). Conformity and group size. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(1), 79–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn, C. J., Hayes, A. F., & Shanahan, J. (1997). Perceived support for one’s opinion and willingness to speak out: A meta-analysis of survey studies on the spiral of silence. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 452–463. doi:10.1086/297808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn, C. J., Ostman, R. E., & McDonald, D. G. (1995). Opinions, perceptions and social reality. In T. Glasser & C. Salmon (Eds.), Public opinion and the communication of consent (pp. 249–280). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. (1981). The theory of communicative action (Vol. 1 and 2) ( T. McCarthy, Trans.). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. (2008). Between naturalism and religion: Philosophical essays. ( C. Cronin, Trans.). Malden, MA: Polity Press. (Original work published 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Hauben, M., & Hauben, R. (1997). Netizens. London, UK: Wiley/IEEE Computer Society Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. (2007). Exploring the forms of self-censorship: On the spiral of silence and the use of opinion expression avoidance strategies. Journal of Communication, 57, 785–802. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00368.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, K. A., & Hughes, J. E. (1998). Cyberpolitics: Citizen activism in the age of the Internet. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, S. S., & McLeod, D. M. (2008). Social-psychological influences on opinion expression in face-to-face and computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 35(2), 190–207. doi:10.1177/0093650207313159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, L., & Page, S. E. (2004). Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers. PNAS, 101(46), 16385–16389. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403723101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insko, C. A., Smith, R. H., Alicke, M. D., Wade, J., & Taylor, S. (1985). Conformity and group size: The concern with being right and the concern with being liked. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11(1), 41–50. doi:10.1177/0146167285111004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Kim, H., & Oh, S. (2014). Talking about genetically modified foods in South Korea: The role of the internet in the spiral of silence process. Mass Communication and Society, 17(5), 713–732. doi:10.1080/15205436.2013.847460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koroleva, K., Stimac, V., Krasnova, H., & Kunze, D. (2011, December). I like it because I ('m) like you: Measuring user attitudes towards information on Facebook. Paper presented at the 32nd International Conference on Information Systems, Shanghai, China.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, E. J., & Jang, J. W. (2010). Profiling good Samaritans in online knowledge forums: Effects of affiliative tendency, self-esteem, and public individuation on knowledge sharing. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1336–1344. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.04.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. J, & Nass, C. (2002). Experimental tests of normative group influence and representation effects in computer-mediated communication: When interacting via computers differs from interacting with computers. Human Communication Research, 28(3), 349–381. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00812.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessig, L. (2006). Code: And other laws of cyberspace, version 2.0. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, X., & Fahmy, S. (2011). Exploring the spiral of silence in the virtual world: Individuals’ willingness to express personal opinions in online versus offline settings. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 3(2), 45–57.
   Google Scholar
• McKeever, R., McKeever, B. W., & Li, J. (2016). Speaking up online: Exploring hostile media perception, health behavior, and other antecedents of communication. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(3), 812–832. doi:10.1177/1077699016670121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna, K. Y. A., & Bargh, J. A. (1998). Coming out in the age of the internet: ‘Demarginalization’ through virtual group participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 681–694. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelberg, T. (2002). The deliberative citizen: Theory and evidence. In M. X. Delli Carpini, L. Huddy, & R. Shapiro (Eds.), Research in micropolitics: Political decisionmaking, deliberation and participation (pp. 151–193). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moy, P., Domke, D., & Stamm, K. (2001). The spiral of silence and public opinion on affirmative action. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 78(1), 7–25. doi:10.1177/107769900107800102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. (1998). The social psychology of impersonal influence from collective opinion. In D. Mutz (Ed.), Impersonal influence: How perceptions of mass collectives affect political attitudes (pp. 197–217). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nekmat, E., & Gonzenbach, W. J. (2013). Multiple opinion climates in online forums: Role of website source reference and within-forum opinion congruency. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(4), 736–756. doi:10.1177/1077699013503162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuman, W. R., Bimber, B., & Hindman, M. (2011). The internet and four dimensions of citizenship. In R. Shapiro & L. Jacobs (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of American public opinion and the media (pp. 22–42). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence: A theory of public opinion. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 43–51. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noelle-Neumann, E. (1993). The spiral of silence: Public opinion – Our social skin (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, D. (2008). The way I see it: Signifiers, not affordances. ACM Interactions, 15(6), 18–19. doi:10.1145/1409040.1409044.
   Google Scholar
• Oshagan, H. (1996). Reference group influence on opinion expression. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8, 335–354. doi:10.1093/ijpor/8.4.335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: The internet as a public sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 9–27. doi:10.1177/14614440222226244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, V. (2009). Citizens deliberating online: Theory and some evidence. In T. Davies & S. P. Gangadharan (Eds.), Online deliberation: Design, research, and practice (pp. 37–58). Chicago, IL: CSLI Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, C. T., & Neuwirth, K. (1990). Perceptions of opinion “climates” and willingness to discuss the issue of abortion. Journalism Quarterly, 67, 567–577. doi:10.1177/107769909006700312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (2000). Twenty-five years of the spiral of silence: A conceptual review and empirical outlook. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 12, 3–27. doi:10.1093/ijpor/12.1.3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., & Lee, E. (2001). Real talk: Manipulating the dependent variable in spiral of silence research. Communication Research, 28(3), 304–324. doi:10.1177/009365001028003003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamir, J. (1997). Speaking up and silencing out in face of a changing climate of opinion. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 74, 602–614. doi:10.1177/107769909707400313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, M. E. (1981). Group dynamics: The psychology of small group behavior (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Stromer-Galley, J. (2003). Diversity of political conversation on the internet: Users’ perspectives. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 8(3). doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2003.tb00215.
   Google Scholar
• Sutter, J. D. (2010, April 29). 50,000 websites ‘like’ the new Facebook button. CNN.com. Retrieved from http://scitech.blogs.cnn.com/2010/04/29/50000-websites-like-the-new-facebook-button
   Google Scholar
• Walton, D. N. (2007). Media argumentation: Dialectic, persuasion, and rhetoric. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wojcieszak, M. E., Baek, Y. M., & Delli Carpini, M. X. (2009). What is really going on? Information, Communication & Society, 12(7), 1080–1102. doi:10.1080/13691180902725768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, S., & Street, J. (2007). Democracy, deliberation and design: The case of online discussion forums. New Media & Society, 95, 849–869. doi:10.1177/1461444807081230.
   Google Scholar
• Yun, G. W., & Park, S. (2011). Selective posting: Willingness to post a message online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16(2), 201–227. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01533.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerback, T., & Fawzi, N. (2016). Can online exemplars trigger a sprial of silence? Examining the effects of exemplar opinions on perceptions of public opinion and speaking out. New Media & Society, 19(7), 1034–1051. doi:10.1177/1461444815625942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar