Proactive Opinion Expression Avoidance about Same-Sex Marriage on Social Media: Acceptance, Reactance, and Self-Censorship

References

• Al-Qaysi, N., Mohamad-Nordin, N., & Al-Emran, M. (2020). Employing the technology acceptance model in social media: A systematic review. Education and Information Technologies, 25(6), 4961–5002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10197-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, M., & Auxier, B. (2020). 55% of U.S. social media users say they are ‘worn out’ by political posts and discussions. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/19/55-of-u-s-social-media-users-say-they-are-worn-out-by-political-posts-and-discussions/
   Google Scholar
• Baek, T. H., & Morimoto, M. (2012). Stay away from me. Journal of Advertising, 41(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367410105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P. (2007). The legacy of the technology acceptance model and a proposal for a paradigm shift. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 8(4), 244–254. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2011). Digital media and the personalization of collective action: Social technology and the organization of protests against the global economic crisis. Information, Communication & Society, 14(6), 770–799. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.579141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozdag, E. (2013). Bias in algorithmic filtering and personalization. Ethics and Information Technology, 15(3), 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-013-9321-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brehm, J. W. (1989). Psychological reactance: Theory and applications. North American Advances in Consumer Research, 16, 72–75. https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/6883/volumes/v16/NA-
   Google Scholar
• Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bull, P. (2003). The microanalysis of political communication: Claptrap and ambiguity. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Casaló, L. V., Flavián, C., & Ibáñez-Sánchez, S. (2017). Antecedents of consumer intention to follow and recommend an Instagram account. Online Information Review, 41(7), 1046–1063. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-09-2016-0253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Election Commission. (2018, November 30). The official results of the referendum cases No. 7-No. 16. https://www.cec.gov.tw/central/cms/107news/29588
   Google Scholar
• Chen, H.-T. (2018). Spiral of silence on social media and the moderating role of disagreement and publicness in the network: Analyzing expressive and withdrawal behaviors. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3917–3936. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818763384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DataReportal. (2019, January 31). Digital 2019: Taiwan. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2019-taiwan
   Google Scholar
• Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982–1003. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 144–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750500111815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doleck, T., Bazelais, P., & Lemay, D. J. (2017, February). Need for self-expression on Instagram: A technology acceptance perspective. 2017 3rd International Conference on Computational Intelligence & Communication Technology (CICT) (pp. 1–3). Ghaziabad, India: IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Dowd, E. T., Milne, C. R., & Wise, S. L. (1991). The therapeutic reactance scale: A measure of psychological reactance. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69(6), 541–545. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1991.tb02638.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearhart, S., & Zhang, W. (2014). Gay bullying and online opinion expression. Testing spiral of silence in the social media environment. Social Science Computer Review, 32(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313504261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearhart, S., & Zhang, W. (2018). Same spiral, different day? Testing the spiral of silence across issue types. Communication Research, 45(1), 34–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215616456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2005). First‐and higher‐order models of attitudes, normative influence, and perceived behavioural control in the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44(4), 513–535. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466604X16219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2007). Exploring the forms of self‐censorship: On the spiral of silence and the use of opinion expression avoidance strategies. Journal of Communication, 57(4), 785–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00368.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., Glynn, C. J., & Shanahan, J. (2005). Willingness to self-censor: A construct and measurement tool for public opinion research. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 17(3), 298–323. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edh073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., Matthes, J., & Eveland, W. P. (2013). Stimulating the quasi-statistical organ: Fear of social isolation motivates the quest for knowledge of the opinion climate. Communication Research, 40(4), 439–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211428608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S. S., Chen, V. H. H., & Sim, C. C. (2013). The spiral of silence: Examining how cultural predispositions, news attention, and opinion congruency relate to opinion expression. Asian Journal of Communication, 23(2), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2012.725178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, S.-M., & Faedda, S. (1996). Refinement of the Hong psychological reactance scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56(1), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164496056001014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, R. (2019, May 18). Gay couples plan mass weddings after Taiwan legalizes unions. The Associated Press. https://www.apnews.com/e28113a6bc894638bdd427e60404ae47
   Google Scholar
• Jeong, M., Zo, H., Lee, C. H., & Ceran, Y. (2019). Feeling displeasure from online social media postings: A study using cognitive dissonance theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 97, 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M. (2018). How does Facebook news use lead to actions in South Korea? The role of Facebook discussion network heterogeneity, political interest, and conflict avoidance in predicting political participation. Telematics and Informatics, 35(5), 1373–1381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, K. H., Moon, S. I., & Stefanone, M. A. (2015). Unspeaking on Facebook? Testing network effects on self-censorship of political expressions in social network sites. Quality & Quantity, 49(4), 1417–1435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., & Atherton, S. C. (1986). Self-efficacy, social anxiety, and inhibition in interpersonal encounters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1997). Social anxiety. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, S.-F. (2018). Social media and political civic participation: The mediating role of online political discussion and discussion heterogeneity. Communication & Society, 44, 25–48. http://www.cschinese.com/issueArticle.asp?P_No=72&CA_ID=571
   Google Scholar
• Marangunić, N., & Granić, A. (2015). Technology acceptance model: A literature review from 1986 to 2013. Universal Access in the Information Society, 14(1), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-014-0348-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97(3), 562–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.3.562
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2014). Selective exposure in the age of social media: Endorsements trump partisan source affiliation when selecting news online. Communication Research, 41(8), 1042–1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212466406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, S. (2018, November 24). Same-sex marriage referendums: Taiwan civil code may remain unchanged. Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3582617
   Google Scholar
• Nistor, N. (2014). When technology acceptance models won’t work: Non-significant intention-behavior effects. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 299–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noelle-Neumann, E. (1993). The spiral of silence: Public opinion, our social skin (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oeldorf-Hirsch, A., & Sundar, S. S. (2015). Posting, commenting, and tagging: Effects of sharing news stories on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H. S., & Smith, S. W. (2007). Distinctiveness and influence of subjective norms, personal descriptive and injunctive norms, and societal descriptive and injunctive norms on behavioral intent: A case of two behaviors critical to organ donation. Human Communication Research, 33(2), 194–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00296.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rejón-Guardia, F., & Martínez-López, F. J. (2014). Online advertising intrusiveness and consumers’ avoidance behaviors. In F. J. Martínez-López (Ed.), Handbook of strategic e-business management (pp. 565–586). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization model. Psychological Bulletin, 92(3), 641–669. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, W., & Lin, T. T. C. (2016). Who avoids location-based advertising and why? Investigating the relationship between user perceptions and advertising avoidance. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 444–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoham, V., Trost, S. E., & Rohrbaugh, M. J. (2004). From state to trait and back again: Reactance theory goes clinical. In R. A. Wright, J. Greenberg, & S. S. Brehm (Eds.), Motivational analyses of social behavior: Building on Jack Brehm’s contributions to psychology (pp. 167–185). Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., & Lin, J. H. T. (2018). What predicts selective avoidance on social media? A study of political unfriending in Hong Kong and Taiwan. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(8), 1097–1115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218764251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speck, P. S., & Elliott, M. T. (1997). Predictors of advertising avoidance in print and broadcast media. Journal of Advertising, 26(3), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1997.10673529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, T. (2016). Modelling Facebook usage among university students in Thailand: The role of emotional attachment in an extended technology acceptance model. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(4), 745–757. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2014.917110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrasher, J. F., Swayampakala, K., Borland, R., Nagelhout, G., Yong, H. H., Hammond, D., Bansal-Travers, M., Thompson, M., & Hardin, J. (2016). Influences of self-efficacy, response efficacy, and reactance on responses to cigarette health warnings: A longitudinal study of adult smokers in Australia and Canada. Health Communication, 31(12), 1517–1526. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1089456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulbig, S. G., & Funk, C. L. (1999). Conflict avoidance and political participation. Political Behavior, 21(3), 265–282. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022087617514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vraga, E. K., Thorson, K., Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Gee, E. (2015). How individual sensitivities to disagreement shape youth political expression on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448–457. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, C., Cramer, K. J., Wagner, M. W., Alvarez, G., Friedland, L. A., Shah, D. V., Bode, L., Edgerly, S., Gabay, I., & Franklin, C. (2017). When we stop talking politics: The maintenance and closing of conversation in contentious times. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 131–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, T.-Y., Xu, X., & Atkin, D. (2020). The alternatives to being silent: Exploring opinion expression avoidance strategies for discussing politics on Facebook. Internet Research, 30(6), 1709–1729. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-06-2018-0284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1086/208520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Q., Skoric, M., & Shen, F. (2017). I shield myself from thee: Selective avoidance on social media during political protests. Political Communication, 34(1), 112–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1222471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y. Q., & Chen, H. G. (2015). Social media and human need satisfaction: Implications for social media marketing. Business Horizons, 58(3), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2015.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar