5,708
Views
75
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Effects of Music on Physiological Arousal: Explorations into Tempo and Genre

&
Pages 339-363 | Published online: 05 Dec 2007

REFERENCES

  • Alten , S. R. 2005 . Audio in media , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Publishing Company .
  • Andreassi , J. L. 1995 . Psychophysiology: Human behavior & physiological response , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Arbitron . 2006 . American listening radio trends: Format trends report http://wargod.arbitron.com/scripts/ndb/fmttrends2.aspRetrieved February 09, 2007 from
  • Arnett , J. 1991 . Heavy metal music and reckless behavior among adolescents . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 20 : 573 – 592 .
  • Arnett , J. 1992 . The soundtrack of recklessness: Musical preference and reckless behavior among adolescents . Journal of Adolescent Research , 7 : 313 – 331 .
  • Bartlett , D. 1996 . “ Neuromusical research: A review of the literature ” . In Handbook of music psychology , Edited by: Hodges , D. A. 343 – 385 . San Antonio, TX : IMR Press .
  • Bever , T. G. 1988 . A cognitive theory of emotion and aesthetics in music . Psychomusicology , 7 : 165 – 175 .
  • Bigand , E. , Filipic , S. and Lalitte , P. 2005 . The time course of emotional responses to music . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1060 : 429 – 437 .
  • Bolls , P. D. , Lang , A. and Potter , R. F. 2001 . The effects of message valence and listener arousal on attention, memory, and facial muscular responses to radio advertisements . Communication Research , 28 : 627 – 651 .
  • Bradley , M. M. 1994 . “ Emotional memory: A dimensional analysis ” . In Emotions: Essays on emotion theory , Edited by: Van Goozen , S. , Van de Poll , N. E. and Sergeant , J. A. 97 – 134 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Burns , J. , Labbe , E. , Williams , K. and McCall , J. 1999 . Perceived and physiological indicators of relaxation: As different as Mozart and Alice in Chains . Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback , 24 : 197 – 202 .
  • Cantor , J. R. and Zillmann , D. 1973 . The effect of affective state and emotional arousal on music appreciation . Journal of General Psychology , 89 : 97 – 108 .
  • Cantor , J. R. , Zillmann , D. and Bryant , J. 1975 . Enhancement of experienced sexual arousal in response to erotic stimuli through misattribution of unrelated residual excitation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 32 : 69 – 75 .
  • Cantor , J. R. , Zillmann , D. and Einsiedel , E. F. 1978 . Female responses to provocation after exposure to aggressive and erotic films . Communication Research , 5 : 395 – 412 .
  • Cook , E. W. I. 1999 . VPMANLOG Birmingham, AL
  • Davis , W. B. and Thaut , M. H. 1989 . The influence of preferred relaxing music on measures of state anxiety, relaxation, and physiological responses . Journal of Music Therapy , 26 : 168 – 187 .
  • Davis-Rollans , C. and Cunningham , S. G. 1987 . Physiologic responses of coronary care patients to selected music . Heart & Lung , 16 : 370 – 378 .
  • Dawson , M. E. , Schell , A. M. and Filion , D. L. 2000 . “ The electrodermal system ” . In Handbook of psychophysiology, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Cacioppo , J. T. and Tassinary , L. G. 200 – 223 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Dehyle , D. 1998 . From break dancing to heavy metal: Navajo youth, resistance, and identity . Youth and Society , 30 : 3 – 31 .
  • Detenber , B. H. , Simons , R. F. and Bennet , G. G. 1998 . Roll 'em!: The effects of picture motion on emotional responses . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 42 : 113 – 127 .
  • Dillman Carpentier , F. , Knobloch , S. and Zillmann , D. 2003 . Rock, rap, and rebellion: Comparisons of traits predicting selective exposure to defiant music . Personality and Individual Differences , 35 : 1643 – 1655 .
  • Frith , S. 1981 . Sound effects , New York : Pantheon Books .
  • Gabrielsson , A. and Lindström , E. 2001 . “ The influence of musical structure and emotional expression ” . In Music and emotion: Theory and research , Edited by: Juslin , P. and Sloboda , J. A. 223 – 248 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Gaver , W. W. and Mandler , G. 1987 . Play it again, Sam: On liking music . Cognition and Emotion , 1 : 259 – 282 .
  • Hansen , C. H. and Hansen , R. D. 2000 . “ Music and music videos ” . In Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal , Edited by: Zillmann , D. and Vorderer , P. 175 – 196 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Holbrook , M. B. and Anand , P. 1990 . Effects of tempo and situational arousal on the listener's perceptual and affective responses to music . Psychology of Music , 18 : 150 – 162 .
  • Hopkins , R. and Fletcher , J. E. 1994 . “ Electrodermal measurement: Particularly effective for forecasting message influence on sales appeal ” . In Measuring psychological responses to media , Edited by: Lang , A. 113 – 132 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Husain , G. , Thompson , W. F. and Schellenberg , E. G. 2002 . Effects of musical tempo and mode on arousal, mood, and spatial abilities . Music Perception , 20 : 151 – 171 .
  • Judge , M. G. 1999 . Back to the future . First Things , 95 Aug/Sept : 14 – 16 .
  • Juslin , P. N. and Laukka , P. 2003 . Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music: Different channels, same code? . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 770 – 814 .
  • Juslin , P. and Sloboda , J. A. 2001 . Music and emotion: Theory and research , Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Kellaris , J. J. and Kent , R. J. 1993 . An exploratory investigation of responses elicited by music varying in tempo, tonality, and texture . Journal of Consumer Psychology , 2 : 381 – 401 .
  • Kendall , R. A. and Carterette , E. C. 1990 . The communication of musical expression . Music Perception , 8 : 129 – 164 .
  • Krumhansl , C. L. 1997 . An exploratory study of musical emotions and psychophysiology . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 51 : 336 – 352 .
  • Lang , A. , Bolls , P. , Potter , R. F. and Kawahara , K. 1999 . The effects of production pacing and arousing content on the information processing of television messages . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 43 : 451 – 475 .
  • Lang , A. , Zhou , S. , Schwartz , N. , Bolls , P. D. and Potter , R. F. 2000 . The effects of edits on arousal, attention, and memory for television messages . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 44 : 94 – 109 .
  • Leman , M. 2003 . Foundations of musicology as content processing science . Journal of Music and Meaning , 1 http://www.musicandmeaning.net/issues/showArticle.php?artID = 1.3Fall, section 3.2. Retrieved August 15, 2007 from
  • Lundin , R. W. 1985 . An objective psychology of music, 3rd ed , Malabar, FL : Robert E. Krieger Company .
  • Lykken , D. T. and Venables , P. H. 1971 . Direct measurement of skin conductance: A proposal for standardization . Psychophysiology , 13 : 554 – 562 .
  • Manuel , P. 1991 . Latin music in the United States: Salsa and the mass media . Journal of Communication , 41 : 104 – 116 . Winter
  • McLeod , K. 1999 . Authenticity within hip-hop and other cultures threatened with assimilation . Journal of Communication , 49 : 134 – 150 .
  • Nabi , R. L. 1999 . A cognitive-functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall . Communication Theory , 9 : 292 – 320 .
  • Nabi , R. L. 2003 . The framing effects of emotion: Can discrete emotions influence information recall and policy preference? . Communication Research , 30 : 224 – 247 .
  • Newhagen , J. E. 1998 . TV news images that induce anger, fear, and disgust: Effects on approach-avoidance and memory . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 42 : 265 – 276 .
  • Ortony , A. , Clore , G. L. and Collins , A. 1988 . The cognitive structure of emotions , Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Osgood , C. , Suci , G. and Tannenbaum , P. 1957 . The measurement of meaning , Urbana, IL : University of Illinois .
  • Parish , P. 1999 . The Lindy Hop: A revival in full swing . Dance Magazine , 73 : 50 – 52 .
  • Pelletier , C. L. 2004 . The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: A meta-analysis reference . Journal of Music Therapy , 41 : 192 – 214 .
  • Peretz , I. 2001 . “ Listen to the brain: The biological perspective on musical emotions ” . In Music and emotion: Theory and research , Edited by: Juslin , P. and Sloboda , J. A. 105 – 134 . Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Potter , R. F. 2000 . The effects of voice changes on orienting and immediate cognitive overload in radio listeners . Media Psychology , 2 : 147 – 178 .
  • Potter , R. F. 2006 . Made you listen: The effects of production effects on attention to short radio promotional announcements . Journal of Promotion Management , 12 : 35 – 48 .
  • Potter , R. F. and Callison , C. 2000 . Sounds exciting!: The effects of audio complexity on listeners' attitudes and memory for radio promotional announcements . Journal of Radio Studies , 7 : 29 – 51 .
  • Potter , R. F. and Choi , J. 2006 . The effects of auditory structural complexity on attitudes, attention, arousal & memory . Media Psychology , 8 : 395 – 419 .
  • Potter , R. F. , Choi , J. , Yu , H.-S. , Kim , J. and Dillman Carpentier , F. 2002 . Increased memory for structurally complex radio messages: Could arousal be the mechanism? . Psychophysiology , 39 ( S1 ) : 67
  • Potter , R. F. , Lang , A. and Bolls , P. D. 1998 . Orienting to structural features in auditory media messages . Psychophysiology , 35 : S66
  • Potter , R. F. , LaTour , M. , Braun-LaTour , K. and Reichert , T. 2006 . Program context effects on an appeal to fear . Journal of Advertising , 35 : 69 – 82 .
  • Ravaja , N. 2004 . Contributions of psychophysiology to media research: Review and recommendations . Media Psychology , 6 : 193 – 235 .
  • Reisenzein , R. 1994 . Pleasure-arousal theory and the intensity of emotions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 525 – 539 .
  • Rickard , N. S. 2004 . Intense emotional responses to music: A test of the physiological arousal hypothesis . Psychology of Music , 32 : 371 – 388 .
  • Robb , S. L. , Nichols , R. J. , Rutan , R. L. , Bishop , B. L. and Parker , J. C. 1995 . The effects of music assisted relaxation on preoperative anxiety . Journal of Music Therapy , 32 : 2 – 21 .
  • Russell , J. A. 1980 . A circumplex model of affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 1161 – 1178 .
  • Scherer , K. R. and Zentner , M. R. 2001 . “ Emotional effects of music: Production rules ” . In Music and emotion: Theory and research , Edited by: Juslin , P. N. and Sloboda , J. A. 361 – 392 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Schubert , E. 2004 . Modeling perceived emotion with continuous musical features . Music Perception , 21 : 561 – 585 .
  • Sellnow , D. and Sellnow , T. 2001 . The “illusion of life” rhetorical perspective: An integrated approach to the study of music as communication . Critical Studies in Media Communication , 18 : 395 – 415 .
  • Sloboda , J. A. 1991 . Music structure and emotional response: Some empirical findings . Psychology of Music , 19 : 110 – 120 .
  • Stewart , C. , Smith , C. and Denton , R. 1989 . Persuasion and social movements, , 2nd ed , Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland Press .
  • Standley , J. M. 1991 . The role of music in pacification/stimulation of premature infants with low birthweights . Music Therapy Perspectives , 9 : 19 – 25 .
  • Strauser , J. M. 1997 . The effects of music versus silence on measures of state anxiety, perceived relaxation, and physiological responses of patients receiving chiropractic interventions . Journal of Music Therapy , 34 : 88 – 105 .
  • Sundar , S. S. and Kalyanaraman , S. 2004 . Arousal, memory, and impression-formation effects of animation speed in web advertising . Journal of Advertising , 33 : 7 – 17 .
  • Tagg , P. 2002 . Towards a definition of ‘music.’ Taken from provisional course text A short prehistory of popular music http://www.unigre.it/pug/cics/CO2113/Tagg.pdfAvailable at
  • Thayer , R. E. 1989 . The biopsychology of mood and arousal , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Wirth , W. and Schramm , H. 2005 . Media and emotions . Communication Research Trends , 24 ( 3 ) : 1 – 22 .
  • Yoon , K. , Bolls , P. and Lang , A. 1998 . The effects of arousal on liking and believability of commercials . Journal of Marketing Communications , 4 : 101 – 114 .
  • Zajonc , R. B. 1980 . Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences . American Psychologists , 35 : 151 – 175 .
  • Zillmann , D. 1971 . Excitation transfer in communication-mediated aggressive behavior . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 7 : 419 – 434 .
  • Zillmann , D. , Mody , B. and Cantor , J. R. 1974 . Empathetic perception of emotional displays in films as a function of hedonic and excitatory state prior to exposure . Journal of Research in Personality , 8 : 335 – 349 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.