925
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A Test of Competing Cognitive Explanations for the Boomerang Effect in Response to the Deliberate Disruption of Media-Induced Aggression

, &
Pages 227-248 | Received 16 Jun 2008, Published online: 25 Aug 2009

REFERENCES

  • Anderson , J. R. and Bower , G. H. 1974 . Human associative memory Washington, DC : Hemisphere. .
  • Bensley , L. S. and Wu , R. 1991 . The role of psychological reactance in drinking following alcohol prevention messages. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 21 : 1111 – 1124 .
  • Bereiter , C. 1963 . “ Some persisting dilemmas in the measurement of change. ” . In Problems in measuring change Edited by: Harris , C. W. 3 – 20 . Madison : University of Wisconsin. .
  • Berkowitz , L. and Rogers , K. H. 1986 . “ A priming effect analysis of media influences. ” . In Perspectives on media effects Edited by: Bryant , J. and Zillman , D. 57 – 81 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum. .
  • Brehm. , J. 1966 . A theory of psychological reactance New York : Academic Press. .
  • Brehm , S. S. and Brehm , J. W. 1981 . Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control San Diego, CA : Academic Press. .
  • Burgoon , M. , Alvaro , E. , Grandpre , J. and Voloudakis , M. 2002 . “ Revisiting the theory of psychological reactance: Communicating threats to attitudinal freedom. ” . In The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice Edited by: Dillard , J. and Pfau , M. 175 – 194 . Thousand Oaks : CA, Sage. .
  • Bushman , B. J. and Cantor , J. 2003 . Media ratings for violence and sex: Implications for policymakers and parents. . American Psychologist , 58 : 130 – 141 .
  • Bushman , B. J. and Stack , A. D. 1996 . Forbidden fruit versus tainted fruit: Effects of warnings labels on attraction to television violence. . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 2 : 207 – 226 .
  • Byrne , S. 2009 . Media literacy interventions: What makes them boom or boomerang? . Communication Education , 58 : 1 – 14 .
  • Byrne , S. and Hart , P. S. 2009 . “ The ‘boomerang’ effect: A synthesis of findings and a preliminary theoretical framework. ” . In Communication yearbook Edited by: Beck , C. Vol. 33 , 3 – 37 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Cantor , J. 1998 . Ratings for program content: The role of research findings. . Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science , 557 : 54 – 69 .
  • Cantor , J. A. , Byrne , S. , Moyer-Gusé , E. and Riddle , K. Young children's reports of media induced fear reactions and coping strategies . Journal of Children and Media , (in press).
  • Cantor , J. and Harrison , K. 1997 . Ratings and advisories for television programming: University of Wisconsin, Madison study. National television violence study Vol. 1 , III – 1 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage . to III–50).
  • Cantor , J. and Wilson , B. J. 2003 . Media and violence: Intervention strategies for reducing aggression. . Media Psychology , 5 : 363 – 403 .
  • Chaffee , S. H. and Tims , A. R. 1976 . Interpersonal factors in adolescent television. . Journal of Social Issues , 32 : 98 – 115 .
  • Cho , H. and Salmon , C. T. 2007 . Unintended effects of health communication campaigns. . Journal of Communication , 57 : 293 – 317 .
  • Collins , A. M. and Loftus , E. F. 1975 . A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. . Psychological Review , 82 : 407 – 428 .
  • Cronbach , L. J. and Furby , L. 1970 . How should we “measure” change—or should we? . Psychological Bulletin , 74 : 68 – 80 .
  • Dewey , D. , Crawford , S. G. , Creighton , D. E. and Suave , R. S. 2000 . Parent's ratings of everyday cognitive abilities in very low birth weight children. . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics , 21 : 37 – 43 .
  • Dillard , J. P. and Shen , L. 2005 . On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. . Communication Monographs , 72 : 144 – 168 .
  • Doolittle , J. C. 1980 . Immunizing children against possible antisocial effects of viewing television violence: A curricular intervention. . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 51 : 498
  • Fishbein , M. , Hall-Jamison , K. , Zimmer , E. , von Haeften , I. and Nabi , R. 2002 . Avoiding the boomerang: Testing the relative effectiveness of antidrug public service announcements before a national campaign. . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 238 – 245 .
  • Foxcroft , D. R. , Lister-Sharp , D. and Lowe , G. 1997 . Alcohol misuse prevention for young people: A systematic review reveals methodological concerns and lack of reliable evidence of effectiveness. . Addiction , 92 : 531 – 537 .
  • Gordon , R. A. and Minor , S. W. 1992 . Attitudes toward change in the legal drinking age: Reactance versus compliance. . Journal of College Student Development , 33 : 171 – 176 .
  • Grandpre , J. , Alvaro , E. M. , Burgoon , M. , Miller , C. H. and Hall , J. R. 2003 . Adolescent reactance and anti-smoking campaigns: A theoretical approach. . Health Communication , 15 : 349 – 366 .
  • Grusec , J. E. 1973 . Effects of co-observer evaluations on imitation: A developmental study. . Developmental Psychology , 8 : 141
  • Hawkins , R. P. 1977 . The dimensional structure of children's perceptions of television reality. . Communication Research , 4 : 299 – 320 .
  • Hicks , D. J. 1968 . Effects of co-observer's sanctions and adult presence on imitative aggression. . Child Development , 39 : 303 – 309 .
  • Huesmann , L. R. , Eron , L. D. , Klein. , R. , Brice , P. and Fischer , P. 1983 . Mitigating the imitation of aggressive behaviors by changing children's attitudes about media violence. . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 44 : 899 – 910 .
  • Hong , S. K. and Faedda , S. 1996 . Refinement of the Hong psychological reactance scale. . Educational & Psychological Measurement , 56 : 173 – 182 .
  • Kline , K. N. 1995 . “ Applying Witte's extended parallel process model to pamphlets urging women to engage in BSE. Where are the efficacy messages? ” . In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, San Antonio, TX
  • Kline , K. N. and Mattson , M. 2000 . Breast self-examination pamphlets: A content analysis grounded in fear appeal research. . Health Communication , 12 : 1 – 21 .
  • Lang , A. 1995 . Defining audio/video redundancy from a limited-capacity information processing perspective. . Communication Research , 22 : 86 – 115 .
  • Lang , A. 2000 . The limited capacity model of mediated message processing. . Journal of Communication , 50 : 46 – 70 .
  • Mayer , R. E. 2008 . Learning and instruction, , 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Merrill-Prentice Hall. .
  • Nathanson , A. I. 2004 . Factual and evaluative approaches to modifying children's responses to television. . Journal of Communication , 54 : 321 – 336 .
  • Nathanson , A. I. and Cantor , J. 2000 . Reducing the aggression-promoting effect of violent cartoons by increasing children's fictional involvement with the victim: A study of active mediation. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 44 : 125 – 142 .
  • Nathanson , A. I. and Yang , M. 2003 . The effects of mediation content and form on children's responses to violent television. . Human Communication Research , 29 : 111 – 143 .
  • Potter , W. J. and Byrne , S. 2007 . “ What are the effects of media literacy? ” . In Twenty questions about youth and the media. Edited by: Mazzerella , S. R. New York : Peter Lang. .
  • Preister , J. R. 2002 . “ Sex, drugs and attitudinal ambivolence: How feelings of evaluative tension influence alcohol use and safe sex behaviors. ” . In Mass media and drug prevention Edited by: Crano , W. D. and Burgoon , M. 145 – 162 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum. .
  • Raykov , T. 1993 . A structural equation model for measuring residualized change and discerning patterns of growth or decline. . Applied Psychological Measurement , 17 : 53 – 71 .
  • Rice , R. E. and Atkin , C. K. 2001 . Public communication campaigns. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. .
  • Ringhold , D. J. 2002 . Boomerang effects in response to public health interventions: Some unintended consequences in the alcoholic beverage market. . Journal of Consumer Policy , 25 : 27 – 63 .
  • Roberts , D. F. , Foehr , U. G. and Rideout , V. 2005 . Generation M: Media in the lives of 8–18 year-olds} Menlo Park : CA. Kaiser Family Foundation .
  • Rosenbaum , D. P. and Hanson , P. S. 1998 . Assessing the effects of school-based drug education: A six-year multi-level analysis of project D.A.R.E. Retrieved March 9, 2006, from http://www.drugsense.org/tfy/uic.htm
  • Salmon , C. T. and Murray-Johnson , L. 2001 . “ Communication campaign effectiveness: Critical distinctions. ” . In Public communication campaigns Edited by: Rice , R. E. and Atkin , C. K. 168 – 180 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. .
  • Schwartz , M. B. , Thomas , J. J. , Bohan , K. M. and Vartanian , L. R. 2007 . Intended and unintended effects of an eating disorder education program: Impact of presenter identity. . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 40 : 187 – 192 .
  • Silva , P. J. 2006 . A skeptical look at dispositional reactance . Personality and Individual Differences , 40 : 1291 – 1297 .
  • Sobel , M. E. 1982 . “ Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. ” . In Sociological Methodology 1982 Edited by: Leinhardt , S. 290 – 312 . Washington, DC : American Sociological Association. .
  • Wakefield , M. , Terry-McElrath , Y. , Emery , S. , Saffer , H. , Chaloupka , F. J. Sczcypka , G. 2006 . The effect of televised, tobacco company-funded smoking prevention advertising on youth smoking-related beliefs, intentions, and behavior. . American Journal of Public Health , 96 : 2154 – 2160 .
  • Walster , E. , Berscheid , D. and Barclay , A. M. 1967 . A determination of differences among models of dissonance reduction. . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 7 : 211 – 216 .
  • Williams , K. S. , Ochs , J. , Williams , J. M. and Mulhern , R. K. 1991 . Parent report of everyday cognitive abilities among children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 16 : 13 – 26 .
  • Wilson , B. J. , Linz , D. , Donnerstein , E. and Stipp , H. 1992 . The impact of social issue television programming on attitudes toward rape. . Human Communication Research , 19 : 179 – 208 .
  • Wilson , B. J. and Weiss , A. J. 1993 . The effects of sibling coviewing on preschoolers reactions to a suspenseful movie scene. . Communication Research , 20 : 214 – 248 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.