Short- and Long-Term Effects of Video Game Violence on Interpersonal Trust

REFERENCES

• Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. A., Anderson, K. B., & Deuser, W. E. (1996). Examining an affective aggression framework: Weapon and temperature effects on aggressive thoughts, affect, and attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 366–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 772–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. A., & Murphy, C. R. (2003). Violent video games and aggressive behavior in young women. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 423–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., … Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholow, B. D., Sestir, M. A., & Davis, E. B. (2005). Correlates and consequences of exposure to video game violence: Hostile personality, empathy, and aggressive behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1573–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., & McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10, 122–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist, 45, 494–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondü, R., & Elsner, B. (2012, September 23–27). Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität als Risikofaktor für Verhaltensauffälligkeiten im Kindes- und Jugendalter? [Justice sensitivity as a risk factor for behavioral disorders in childhood and adolescence?] Presentation at the 48th Congress of the German Research Foundation (DGPs), Bielefeld, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, K. E., & Anderson, C. A. (2006). A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing video games. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games: Motives, responses, and consequences (pp. 363–378). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2002). Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the general aggression model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1679–1686.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. J., Rothstein, H. R., & Anderson, C. A. (2010). Much ado about something: Violent video game effects and a school of red herring: Reply to Ferguson and Kilburn (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 136, 182–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor, J., & Wilson, B. J. (1984). Modifying fear responses to mass media in preschool and elementary school children. Journal of Broadcasting, 28, 431–443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S. (1996). Emergent integration in contemporary personality psychology. Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 319–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalbert, C., & Sallay, H. (2004). Developmental trajectories and developmental functions of the belief in a just world: Some concluding remarks. In C. Dalbert & H. Sallay (Eds.), The justice motive in adolescence and young adulthood: Origins and consequences (pp. 248–262). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Deutsch, M. (1958). Trust and suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 265–279.
   Google Scholar
• Eastin, M. (2007). The influence of competitive and cooperative group game play on state hostility. Human Communication Research, 33, 450–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastin, M. S., & Griffiths, R. P. (2006). Beyond the shooter game: Examining presence and hostile outcomes among male game players. Communication Research, 33, 448–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastin, M., & Griffiths, R. (2009). Unreal: Hostile expectations from social gameplay. New Media & Society, 11, 509–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., & Sheffield Morris, A. (2004). Moral cognition and pro social responding in adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 155–188). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Friedman, R. (2007). Approach-avoidance: A central characteristic of personal goals. In B. R. Little, K. Salmela-Aro, & S. D. Phillips (Eds.), Personal project pursuit: Goals, action, and human flourishing (pp. 97–118). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Ewoldsen, D. R., Eno, C. A., Okdie, B. M., Velez, J. A., Guadagno, R. E., & DeCoster, J. (2012). Effect of playing violent video games cooperatively or competitively on subsequent cooperative behavior. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15, 277–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. J., & Kilburn, J. (2010). Much ado about nothing: The misestimation and overinterpretation of violent video game effects in eastern and western nations: Comment on Anderson et al. (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 136, 174–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fetchenhauer, D., & Dunning, D. (2009). Do people trust too much or too little? Journal of Economic Psychology, 30, 263–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2008). Social cognition: From brains to culture. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Flanagan, C., & Stout, M. (2010). Developmental patterns of social trust between early and late adolescence: Age and school climate effects. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 748–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, J. B., Buchman, D. D., Jenks, J., & Bechtoldt, H. (2003). Playing violent video games, desensitization, and moral evaluation in children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 413–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbiadini, A., Andrighetto, L., & Volpato, C. (2012). Brief report: Does exposure to violent video games increase moral disengagement among adolescents? Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1403–1406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer, M., & Melzer, A. (2012). Macbeth and the joystick: Evidence for moral cleansing after playing a violent video game. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1356–1360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer, M., & Rothmund, T. (2009). When the need to trust results in unethical behavior: The sensitivity to mean intentions (SeMI) model. In D. De Cremer (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on ethical behavior and decision making (pp. 135–152). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer, M., & Rothmund, T. (2011). What exactly are victim-sensitive persons sensitive to? Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 448–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer, M., Rothmund, T., Pfeiffer, A., & Ensenbach, C. (2009). Why and when justice sensitivity leads to pro- and antisocial behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 999–1005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greitemeyer, T., & Mügge, D. O. (2014). Video games do affect social outcomes: A meta-analytic review of the effects of violent and prosocial video game play. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 578–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greitemeyer, T., & Osswald, S. (2010). Effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 211–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greitemeyer, T., Osswald, S., & Brauer, M. (2010). Playing prosocial video games increases empathy and decreases schadenfreude. Emotion, 10, 796–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanninger, K., & Thompson, K. M. (2004). Content and ratings of teen-rated video games. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 856–865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, T., & Vorderer, P. (2010). It's okay to shoot a character: Moral disengagement in violent video games. Journal of Communication, 60, 94–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooker, C. I., Tully, L. M., Verosky, S. C., Fisher, M., Holland, C., & Vinogradov, S. (2011). Can I trust you? Negative affective priming influences social judgments in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 98–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopf, W. H., Huber, G. L., & Weiß, R. H. (2008). Media violence and youth violence. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 20, 79–96.
   Google Scholar
• Huesmann, L. R., & Guerra, N. G. (1997). Children's normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 408–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating, D. P. (2004). Cognitive and brain development. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 45–84). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• King, J. A., Blair, R. J., Mitchell, D. G., Dolan, R. J., & Burgess, N. (2006). Doing the right thing: A common neural circuit for appropriate violent or compassionate behavior. NeuroImage, 30, 1069–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsh, S. J. (1998). Seeing the world through Mortal Kombat-colored glasses: Violent video games and the development of a short-term hostile attribution bias. Childhood, 5, 177–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsh, S. J. (2003). The effects of violent video games on adolescents: The overlooked influence of development. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8, 377–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsh, S. J., & Mounts, J. R. W. (2007). Violent video game play impacts facial emotion recognition. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 353–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsh, S. J., Mounts, J. R., & Olczak, P. V. (2006). Violent media consumption and the recognition of dynamic facial expressions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 571–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsh, S. J., Olczak, P. V., & Mounts, J. R. W. (2005). Violent video games induce an affect processing bias. Media Psychology, 7, 239–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klimmt, C., Schmid, H., Nosper, A., Hartmann, T., & Vorderer, P. (2006). How players manage moral concerns to make video game violence enjoyable. Communications—The European Journal of Communication Research, 31, 309–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwabara, K. (2005). Nothing to fear but fear itself: Fear of fear, fear of greed and gender effects in two-person asymmetric social dilemmas. Social Forces, 84, 1257–1272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, I., & Krahe, B. (2009). Exposure to violent video games and aggression in German adolescents: A longitudinal analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 75–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2010). Mplus user's guide (Version 6). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Persky, S., & Blascovich, J. (2007). Immersive virtual environments versus traditional platforms: Effects of violent and nonviolent video game play. Media Psychology, 10, 135–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothmund, T., Gollwitzer, M., & Klimmt, C. (2011). Of virtual victims and victimized virtues: Differential effects of experienced aggression in video games on social cooperation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 107–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotter, J. B. (1971). Generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust. American Psychologist, 26, 443–452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, M., Baumert, A., Gollwitzer, M., & Maes, J. (2010). The Justice Sensitivity Inventory: Factorial validity, location in the personality facet space, demographic pattern, and normative data. Social Justice Research, 23, 211–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, M., Gollwitzer, M., Maes, J., & Arbach, D. (2005). Justice sensitivity: Assessment and location in the personality space. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21, 202–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry, J. L. (2001). The effects of violent video games on aggression: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 27, 409–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrum, L. J. (1996). Psychological processes underlying cultivation effects further tests of construct accessibility. Human Communication Research, 22, 482–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrum, L. J., & O'Guinn, T. C. (1993). Processes and effects in the construction of social reality: Construct accessibility as an explanatory variable. Communication Research, 20, 436–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. L., Lachlan, K., & Tamborini, R. (2003). Popular video games: Quantifying the presentation of violence and its context. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47, 58–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapleton, L. M. (2006). An assessment of practical solutions for structural equation modeling with complex sample data. Structural Equation Modeling, 13, 28–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tryon, W. W. (2005). Possible mechanisms for why desensitization and exposure therapy work. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 67–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Chin, J. (2007). Feeling duped: Emotional, motivational, and cognitive aspects of being exploited by others. Review of General Psychology, 11, 127–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, B. J. (1987). Reducing children's emotional reactions to mass media through rehearsed explanation and exposure to a replica of a fear object. Human Communication Research, 14, 3–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyer, N. A., & Calvini, G. (2011). Don't sit so close to me: Unconsciously elicited affect automatically provokes social avoidance. Emotion, 11, 1230–1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyer, N. A., Calvini, G., Nash, A., & Miles, N. (2010). Priming in interpersonal contexts: Implications for affect and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1693–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamagishi, T., & Sato, K. (1986). Motivational bases of the public goods problem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 67–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamagishi, T., & Yamagishi, M. (1994). Trust and commitment in the United States and Japan. Motivation and Emotion, 18, 129–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Znaïdi, F. F., Viaud-Delmon, I. I., & Jouvent, R. R. (2006). Generic virtual reality treatment applied to space-related phobias. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine, 4, 175–179.
   Google Scholar