2,981
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

How Emotional Media Reports Influence Attitude Formation and Change: The Interplay of Attitude Base, Attitude Certainty, and Persuasion

, , &
Pages 397-419 | Received 13 Jan 2014, Accepted 09 Jun 2014, Published online: 12 Aug 2014

REFERENCES

  • Aarøe, L. (2011). Investigating frame strength: The case of episodic and thematic frames. Political Communication, 28, 207–226. doi:10.1080/10584609.2011.568041
  • Abelson, R. P. (1988). Conviction. American Psychologist, 43, 267–275. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.43.4.267
  • Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27–58. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27
  • Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence: A test of three key hypotheses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1421–1432. doi:10.1177/0146167200263009
  • Bassili, J. N. (1996). Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measures of attitude strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 637–653. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.4.637
  • Chang, C. (2001). The impacts of emotion elicited by print political advertising on candidate evaluation. Media Psychology, 3, 91–118. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0302_01
  • Clarkson, J. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Rucker, D. D. (2008). A new look at the consequences of attitude certainty: The amplification hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 810–825. doi:10.1037/a0013192
  • Clarkson, J. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Rucker, D. D. (2011). Cognitive and affective matching effects in persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1415–1427. doi:10.1177/0146167211413394
  • Crites, S. L., Fabrigar, L. R., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Measuring the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes: Conceptual and methodological issues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 619–634. doi:10.1177/0146167294206001
  • Djupsund, G., & Carlson, T. (1998). Trivial stories and fancy pictures? Tabloidization tendencies in Finnish and Swedish regional and national newspapers 1982–1997. Nordicom, 19, 101–115.
  • Donohew, L. (1981). Arousal and affective response to writing styles. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 9, 109–119. doi:10.1080/00909888109360295
  • Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  • Edwards, K. (1990). The interplay of affect and cognition in attitude formation and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 202–216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.202
  • Edwards, K., & Von Hippel, W. (1995). Hearts and minds: The priority of affective versus cognitive factors in person perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 996–1011. doi:10.1177/01461672952110001
  • Esser, F. (1999). “Tabloidization” of news. A comparative analysis of Anglo-American and German press journalism. European Journal of Communication, 14, 291–324. doi:10.1177/0267323199014003001
  • Fabrigar, L. R., & Petty, R. E. (1999). The role of the affective and cognitive bases of attitudes in susceptibility to affectively and cognitively based persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 363–381. doi:10.1177/0146167299025003008
  • Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
  • Grabe, M. E., Lang, A., & Zhao, X. (2003). News content and form implications for memory and audience evaluations. Communication Research, 30, 387–413. doi:10.1177/0093650203253368
  • Grabe, M. E., Yegiyan, N., & Kamhawi, R. (2008). Experimental evidence of the knowledge gap: Message arousal, motivation, and time delay. Human Communication Research, 34, 550–571. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2008.00332.x
  • Grabe, M. E., Zhou, S., & Barnett, B. (2001). Explicating sensationalism in television news: Content and the bells and whistles of form. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 45, 635–655. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4504_6
  • Grabe, M. E., Zhou, S., Lang, A., & Bolls, P. D. (2000). Packaging television news: The effects of tabloid on information processing and evaluative responses. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 581–598. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4404_4
  • Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
  • Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
  • Gross, K. (2008). Framing persuasive appeals: Episodic and thematic framing, emotional response, and policy opinion. Political Psychology, 29, 169–192. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00622.x
  • Gross, S. R., Holtz, R., & Miller, N. (1995). Attitude certainty. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Ed.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 215–245). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Haddock, G., Maio, G. R., Arnold, K., & Huskinson, T. (2008). Should persuasion be affective or cognitive? The moderating effects of need for affect and need for cognition. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 769–778. doi:10.1177/0146167208314871
  • Hoffner, C. A., Fujioka, Y., Ye, J., & Ibrahim, A. G. S. (2009). Why we watch: Factors affecting exposure to tragic television news. Mass Communication and Society, 12, 193–216. doi:10.1080/15205430802095042
  • Holland, R. W., Verplanken, B., & van Knippenberg, B. (2003). From repetition to conviction: Attitude accessibility as a determinant of attitude certainty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 594–601. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00038-6
  • Huskinson, T. L., & Haddock, G. (2004). Individual differences in attitude structure: Variance in the chronic reliance on affective and cognitive information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 82–90. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00060-X.
  • Jerit, J. (2004). Survival of the fittest: Rhetoric during the course of an election campaign. Political Psychology, 25, 563–575. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00387.x
  • Landmeier, C., & Daschmann, G. (2011). Im Seichten kann man nicht ertrinken? Boulevardisierung in der überregionalen deutschen Qualitätspresse [One cannot drown in shallow waters? The tabloidization of supraregional German quality newspapers]. In R. Blum, H. Bonfadelli, K. Imhof, & O. Jarren (Eds.), Krise der Leuchttürme öffentlicher Kommunikation [A crisis in the lighthouses of public communication] (pp. 177–191). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag für Sozialwissen-schaften.
  • Lavine, H., Huff, J. W., Wagner, S. H., & Sweeney, D. (1998). The moderating influence of attitude strength on the susceptibility to context effects in attitude surveys. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 359–373. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.359
  • Mayer, N. D., & Tormala, Z. L. (2010). “Think” versus “feel” framing effects in persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 443–454. doi:10.1177/0146167210362981
  • Millar, M. G., & Millar, K. U. (1990). Attitude change as a function of attitude type and argument type. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 217–228. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.217
  • Namkoong, K., Fung, T. K. F., & Scheufele, D. A. (2012). The politics of emotion: News media attention, emotional responses, and participation during the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Mass Communication and Society, 15, 25–45. doi:10.1080/15205436.2011.563894
  • Slattery, K. L., & Hakanen, E. A. (1994). Sensationalism versus public affairs content of local news: Pennsylvania revisited. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38, 205–217. doi:10.1080/08838159409364257
  • Sotirovic, M. (2001). Affective and cognitive processes as mediators of media influences on crime-policy preferences. Mass Communication and Society, 4, 311–329. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0403_04
  • Uribe, R., & Gunter, B. (2007). Are “sensational” news stories more likely to trigger viewers' emotions than non-sensational news stories? A content analysis of British TV news. European Journal of Communication, 22, 207–228. doi:10.1177/0267323107076770
  • Vettehen, P. H., Beentjes, J., Nuijten, K., & Peeters, A. (2010). Arousing news characteristics in Dutch television news 1990–2004: An exploration of competitive strategies. Mass Communication and Society, 14, 93–112. doi:10.1080/15205431003615893
  • Williams, P., & Aaker, J. L. (2002). Can mixed emotions peacefully coexist? Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 636–649. doi:10.1086/338206
  • Zhao, X., Strasser, A., Capella, J. N., Lerman, C., & Fishbein, M. (2011). A measure of perceived argument strength: Reliability and validity. Communication Methods and Measures, 5, 48–75. doi:10.1080/19312458.2010.547822
  • Zillmann, D., Gibson, R., Ordman, V. L., & Aust, C. F. (1994). Effects of upbeat stories in broadcast news. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38, 65–79. doi:10.1080/08838159409364246

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.