REFERENCES
- Allen, M. L., Mattock, K., & Silva, M. (2014). Symbolic understanding of pictures and written words share a common source. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 14(3–4), 187–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342120
- Anderson, D. R., & Smith, R. (1984). Young children’s TV viewing: The problem of cognitive continuity. In F. J. Morrison, C. Lord, & D. F. Keating (Eds.), Advances in applied developmental psychology (pp. 115–163). New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Aufderheide, P. (1993). Media literacy: A report of the national leadership conference on media literacy. Aspen, CO: Aspen Institute.
- Bus, A. G., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1999). Phonological awareness and early reading: A meta-analysis of experimental training studies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3), 403–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.91.3.403
- Callaghan, T. C., & Rankin, M. P. (2002). Emergence of graphic symbol functioning and the question of domain specificity: A longitudinal training study. Child Development, 73(2), 359–376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00412
- Campbell, A. L., & Namy, L. L. (2003). The role of social‐referential context in verbal and nonverbal symbol learning. Child Development, 74(2), 549–563. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.7402015
- Cassirer, P. (1944). An essay on man: An introduction to a philosophy of human culture Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Cattell, R. B., Weiß, R. H., & Osterland, J. (1997). Grundintelligenztest Skala 1 (CFT 1) [Culture free intelligence test, scale 1] (5th ed.). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.Daehler, M. W., Perlmutter, M., & Myers, N. A. (1976). Equivalence of pictures and objects for very young children. Child Development, 47(1), 96–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1128287
- DeLoache, J. S. (1995). Early understanding and use of symbols: The model model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 109–113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772408
- DeLoache, J. S. (2000). Dual representation and young children’s use of scale models. Child Development, 71(2), 329–338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00148
- DeLoache, J. S. (2004). Becoming symbol-minded. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(2), 66–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.12.004
- DeLoache, J. S., & Burns, N. M. (1994). Early understanding of the representational function of pictures. Cognition, 52(2), 83–110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90063-9
- DeLoache, J., Pierroutsakos, S. L., Uttal, D. H., Rosengren, K. S., & Gottlieb, A. (1998). Grasping the nature of pictures. Psychological Science, 9 (3), 205–210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00039
- DeLoache, J. S., Strauss, M. S., & Maynard, J. (1979). Picture perception in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 2 (1), 77–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(79)80010-7
- Deocampo, J. A., & Hudson, J. A. (2005). When seeing is not believing: Two-year-olds’ use of video representations to find a hidden toy. Journal of Cognition and Development, 6(2), 229–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327647jcd0602_4
- Diergarten, A. K. (2010). Medien, Emotionen und Kognitionen. Empirische Untersuchungen an Kindern und Erwachsenen [Media, emotions and cognitions. Empirical studies of children and adults]. Hamburg, Germany: Verlag Dr. Kovač.
- Diergarten, A. K., Möckel, T., Nieding, G., & Ohler, P. (in press). The impact of media literacy on children’s learning with films and hypermedia. Manuscript submitted for publication.
- Diergarten, A. K., & Nieding, G. (2015). Children’s and adults’ ability to build online emotional inferences during comprehension of audiovisual and auditory texts. Journal of Cognition and Development, 16(2), 381–406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2013.848871
- Diergarten, A. K., Nieding, G., & Ohler, P. (2014). Beeinflussung von Kindern und Jugendlichen durch Werbung in den neuen Medien [Influence of new media advertising on children and teenagers]. In T. Porsch, & S. Pieschl (Eds.), Neue Medien und deren Schatten [New media and their shadows]. (pp. 103–132). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
- Dirks, J., & Gibson, E. (1977). Infants’ perception of similarity between live people and their photographs. Child Development, 48(1), 124–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1128890
- Domaratius, S., & Ohler, P. (2006). Ein Onlinetest zur Messung medialer Zeichenkompetenz bei Kindern [An online test for measuring children’s media sign literacy]. Nürnberg, Germnay: 45. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie.
- Downs, A. C. (1990). Children’s judgments of televised events: The real versus pretend distinction. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70(3), 779–782. doi:https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.70.3.779
- d’Ydewalle, G., & Vanderbeeken, M. (1990). Perceptual and cognitive processing of editing rules in film. In R. Groner, G. d’Ydewalle, & R. Parham (Eds.), From eye to mind: Information acquisition in perception, search, and reading (pp. 129–139). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
- Ennemoser, M., Marx, P., Weber, J., & Schneider, W. (2012). Spezifische Vorläuferfertigkeiten der Lesegeschwindigkeit, des Leseverständnisses und des Rechtschreibens: Evidenz aus zwei Längsschnittstudien vom Kindergarten bis zur 4. Klasse [Specific precursors of decoding speed, reading comprehension, and spelling: Evidence from two longitudinal studies from kindergarten to grade 4]. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 44(2), 53–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000057
- Geary, D. C. (2011). Cognitive predictors of achievement growth in mathematics: A 5-year longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1539–1552. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025510
- Gee, J. P. (2003). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. New York, NY: Palgrave/Macmillan.
- Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69(1), 66–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034857
- Grimm, H., & Schöler, H. (1998). Heidelberger Sprachentwicklungstest (HSET) [Heidelberg language development test] (2nd ed.). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
- Hadjar, A. (2004). Ellbogenmentalität und Fremdenfeindlichkeit. Die Rolle des Hierarchischen Selbstinteresses [Elbowism and xenophobia. The role of hierarchical self interest]. Wiesbaden, Germany: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
- Harris, R. J. (2009). A cognitive psychology of mass communication (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Hobbs, R. (1997). Literacy for the information age. In J. Flood, S. B. Heath, & D. Lapp (Eds.), Handbook of research on teaching literacy through the communicative and visual arts (pp. 7–14). New York, NY: Macmillan.
- Hochberg, J., & Brooks, V. (1962). Pictorial recognition as an unlearned ability: A study of one child’s performance. American Journal of Psychology, 75(4), 624–628. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1420286
- Huttenlocher, J., Newcombe, N., & Vasilyeva, M. (1999). Spatial scaling in young children. Psychological Science, 10(5), 393–398. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00175
- Kirkham, J., Stewart, A., & Kidd, E. (2013). Concurrent and longitudinal relationships between development in graphic, language and symbolic play domains from the fourth to the fifth year. Infant and Child Development, 22(3), 297–319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1786
- Koponen, T., Aunola, K., Ahonen, T., & Nurmi, J. E. (2007). Cognitive predictors of single-digit and procedural calculation skills and their covariation with reading skill. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 97(3), 220–241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2007.03.001
- Krajewski, K. (2003). Vorhersage von Rechenschwäche in der Grundschule [Prediction of mathematical disabilities in primary school]. Hamburg, Germany: Dr. Kovač.
- Krajewski, K., Nieding, G., & Schneider, W. (2008). Kurz- und langfristige Effekte mathematischer Frühförderung im Kindergarten durch das Programm“Mengen, zählen, Zahlen” [Short-term and long-term effects of early math education in kindergarten]. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 40(3), 135–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637.40.3.135
- Krajewski, K., & Schneider, W. (2006). Mathematische Vorläuferfertigkeiten im Vorschulalter und ihre Vorhersagekraft für die Mathematikleistungen bis zum Ende der Grundschulzeit [Predicting mathematical school achievement by mathematical precursors assessed in kindergarten]. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 53(4), 124–142.
- Krajewski, K., & Schneider, W. (2009). Early development of quantity to number-word linkage as a precursor of mathematical school achievement and mathematical difficulties. Findings from a four-year longitudinal study. Learning and Instruction, 19(6), 513–526. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.10.002
- Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the media age. London, UK: Routledge.
- Leu, D. J. (2001). Exploring literacy on the internet: Internet project: Preparing students for new literacies in a global village. The Reading Teacher, 54(6), 568–572. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20204956
- Martens, H. (2010). Evaluating media literacy education: Concepts, theories and future directions. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 2(1), 1–22. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/jmle/vol2/iss1/1/
- Marzolf, D. P., & DeLoache, J. S. (1994). Transfer in young children’s understanding of spatial representations. Child Development, 65(1), 1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00730.x
- Medienpädagogischer Forschungsverbund SüdWest. (2013). KIM-Studie 2012 [KIM study 2012]. Retrieved from http://www.mpfs.de/fileadmin/KIM-pdf12/KIM_2012.pdf
- Munk, C., Diergarten, A. K., Nieding, G., Ohler, P., & Schneider, W. (2012). Die kognitive Entwicklung des Verständnisses filmischer Montagetechniken bei Kindern als ein Kernbereich der Medienkompetenz [Cognitive development of children’s understanding of television production techniques—A main aspect of media literacy]. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 44(2), 81–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000063
- Munk, C., Rey, G. D., Diergarten, A. K., Nieding, G., Schneider, W., & Ohler, P. (2012). Cognitive processing of film cuts among 4- to 8-year-old children: An eye tracker experiment. European Psychologist, 17(4), 257–265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000098
- Muter, V., Hulme, C., Snowling, M. J., & Stevenson, J. (2004). Phonemes, rimes, vocabulary, and grammatical skills as foundations of early reading development: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 665–681. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.665
- Nakazawa, J. (2005). Development of manga (comic book) literacy in children. In D. W. Shwalb, J. Nakazawa, & B. J. Shwalb (Eds.), Applied developmental psychology: Theory, practice, and research from japan (pp. 23–42). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
- Namy, L. L., & Waxman, S. R. (1998). Words and gestures: Infants’ interpretations of different forms of symbolic reference. Child Development, 69(2), 295–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06189.x
- Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1963). GPS: A program that simulates human thought. In E. A. Feigenbaum, & J. Feldman (Eds.), Computers and thought (pp. 279–293). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Nieding, G., & Ohler, P. (2008). Mediennutzung und Medienwirkung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen [Media use and media effects in children and adolescents]. In B. Batinic & M. Appel (Eds.), Medienpsychologie [Media psychology] (pp. 379–400). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Medizin Verlag.
- Nieding, G., & Ohler, P. (2012). Medien und Entwicklung [Media and development]. In W. Schneider, & U. Lindenberger (Eds.), Entwicklungspsychologie [Developmental psychology] (pp. 705–719). Weinheim, Germany: Beltz.
- Nieding, G., Ohler, P., Bodeck, S., & Werchan, A. (2006). Werbung im Fernsehen: Experimentelle Methoden zur Erfassung der Verstehensleistung von Kindern [Commercials on TV: Experimental methods for assessing children’s comprehension of commercials]. Zeitschrift für Medienpsychologie, 18(3), 94–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1026/1617-6383.18.3.94
- Niklas, F. (2011). Vorläuferfertigkeiten im Vorschulalter zur Vorhersage der Schulfähigkeit, späterer Rechenschwäche und Lese- und Rechtschreibschwäche [Predicting school-readiness, dyscalculia, and dyslexia by precursors assessed in preschool]. Hamburg, Germany: Dr. Kovač.
- NPD Group. (2011). The video game industry is adding 2–17-year-old gamers at a rate higher than that age group’s population growth. Retrieved from https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/pressreleases/pr_111011
- Peréz Tornero, J., & Varis, T. (2010). Media literacy and new humanism. Retrieved from http://iite.unesco.org/pics/publications/en/files/3214678.pdf
- Pierroutsakos, S. L., & DeLoache, J. S. (2003). Infants’ manual exploration of pictorial objects varying in realism. Infancy, 4(1), 141–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0401_7
- Pierroutsakos, S. L., & Troseth, G. L. (2003). Video verité: Infants’ manual investigation of objects on video. Infant Behavior & Development, 26(2), 183–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(03)00016-X
- Potter, W. J. (1998). Media literacy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Potter, W. J. (2010). The state of media literacy. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(4), 675–696. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.521462
- Preissler, M. A., & Carey, S. (2004). Do both pictures and words function as symbols for 18- and 24-month-old children? Journal of Cognition and Development, 5(2), 185–212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327647jcd0502_2
- Rice, M. L., Huston, A. C., & Wright, J. C. (1986). Replays as repetitions: Young children’s interpretations of television forms. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 7(1), 61–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(86)90019-5.
- Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8- to 18-year-olds. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
- Rideout, V. J., & Hamel, R. (2006). The media family: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and their parents. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
- Ritterfeld, U., Niebuhr, S., Klimmt, C., & Vorderer, P. (2006). Unterhaltsamer Mediengebrauch und Spracherwerb: Evidenz für Sprachlernprozesse durch die Rezeption eines Hörspiels bei Vorschulkindern [Entertaining media use and language acquisition: Evidence for preschool children’s verbal learning from a narrative audio tape]. Zeitschrift für Medienpsychologie, 18(2), 60–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1026/1617-6383.18.2.60
- Rogers, Y. (2004). New theoretical approaches for human-computer interaction, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 38(1), 87–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.1440380103
- Schatschneider, C., Fletcher, J. M., Francis, D. J., Carlson, C. D., & Foorman, B. R. (2004). Kindergarten prediction of reading skills: A longitudinal comparative analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(2), 265–282. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.96.2.265
- Schmitt, K. L., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Television and reality: Toddlers’ use of visual information from video to guide behavior. Media Psychology, 4(1), 51–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0401_03
- Schneider, W. (2009). The development of reading and spelling: Relevant precursors, developmental changes, and individual differences. In W. Schneider, & M. Bullock (Eds.), Human development from early childhood to early adulthood: Findings from a 20 year longitudinal study (pp. 199–220). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
- Schneider, W., & Näslund, J. C. (1993). The impact of early metalinguistic competencies and memory capacity on reading and spelling in elementary school: Results of the Munich longitudinal study on the genesis of individual competencies (LOGIC). European Journal of Psychology of Education, 8(3), 273–287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03174082
- Shusterman, A. B., Lee, S. A., & Spelke, E. S. (2008). Young children’s spontaneous use of geometry in maps. Developmental Science, 11 (2), F1–F7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00670.x
- Sigel, I. E. (1970). The distancing hypothesis: A causal hypothesis for the acquisition of representational thought. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Miami symposium on the prediction of behavior, 1968: Effects of early experience (pp. 99–118). Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press.
- Smith, R., Anderson, D. R., & Fischer, C. R. (1985). Young children’s comprehension of montage. Child Development, 56(4), 962–971. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1130108
- Spelke, E. S., Gilmore, C. K., & McCarthy, S. (2011). Kindergarten children’s sensitivity to geometry in maps. Developmental Science, 14(4), 809–821. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01029.x
- Troseth, G. L., Casey, A. M., Lawver, K. A., Walker, J. M. T., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Naturalistic experience and the early use of symbolic artifacts. Journal of Cognition and Development, 8(3), 309–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15248370701446772
- Troseth, G. L., & DeLoache, J. S. (1998). The medium can obscure the message: Young children’s understanding of video. Child Development, 69(4), 950–965. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06153.x
- Troseth, G. L., Pickard, M. E. B., & DeLoache, J. S. (2007). Young children’s use of scale models: Testing an alternative to representational insight. Developmental Science, 10(6), 763–769. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00625.x
- Uttal, D. H., & Wellman, H. M. (1989). Young children’s representation of spatial information acquired from maps. Developmental Psychology, 25(1), 128–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.1.128
- Weber, J., Marx, P., & Schneider, W. (2007). Die Prävention von Lese-Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten bei Kindern mit nichtdeutscher Herkunftssprache durch ein Training der phonologischen Bewusstheit [Preventing reading and spelling difficulties in a population of immigrant children by a training of phonological awareness]. Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 21(1), 65–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652.21.1.65
- Wegener, B. (1985). Gibt es Sozialprestige? [Is there something like social standing?]. Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 14(3), 209–235.
- Wegener, B. (1988). Kritik des Prestiges [Criticism of prestige]. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. Wright, J. C., Huston, A. C., Reitz, A. L., & Piemyat, S. (1994). Young children’s perceptions of television reality: Determinants and developmental differences. Developmental Psychology, 30(2), 229–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.30.2.229
- Wright, J. C., Huston, A. C., Vandewater, E. A., Bickham, D. S., Scantlin, R. M., Kotler, J. A.,…Finkelstein, J. (2002). American children’s use of electronic media in 1997: a national survey. In S. L. Calvert, A. B. Jordan, & R. R. Cocking (Eds.), Children in the digital age. Influences of electronic media on development (1st ed., pp. 35–54). London, UK: Praeger.
- Yannicopoulou, A. (2004). Visual aspects of written texts: Preschoolers view comics. L1-Educational Studies in Language and Literature, 4(2–3), 169–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10674-004-1024-9