2,118
Views
216
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF INORGANICS: REALISM AND SYNERGIES

, , , &
Pages 97-114 | Published online: 26 May 2010

REFERENCES

  • Adriano , D. C. , Wenzel , W.W. , Vangronsveld , J. and Bolan , N.S. 2004 . Role of assisted natural remediation in environmental cleanup . Geoderma , 122 : 121 – 142 .
  • Alam , M.G. M. , Snow , E.T. and Tanaka , A. 2003 . Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown in Samta village, Bangladesh . Sci. Total Environ. , 308 : 83 – 96 .
  • Anderson , C. , Moreno , F. , Geurts , F. , Wreesmann , C. , Ghomshei , M. and Meech , J. 2005 . A comparative analysis of gold-rich plant material using various analytical methods . Microchem. J. , 81 : 81
  • Anderson , C. , Moreno , F. and Meech , J. 2005 . A field demonstration of gold phytoextraction technology . Miner. Eng. , 18 : 385
  • Angelova , V. , Ivanova , R. , Delibaltova , V. and Ivanov , K. 2004 . Bio-accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in fibre crops (flax, cotton and hemp) . Ind. Crop. Prod. , 19 : 197 – 205 .
  • Arias , M.E. , Gonzalez-Perez , J.A. , Gonzalez-Vila , F.J. and Ball , A.S. 2005 . Soil health—A new challenge for microbiologists and chemists . Int. Microbiol. , 8 : 13 – 21 .
  • Arthur , E. , Rice , P. , Rice , P. , Anderson , T. , Baladi , S. , Henderson , K. and Coats , J. 2005 . Phytoremediation: An overview . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 24 : 109 – 122 .
  • Azizur Rahman , M. , Hasegawa , H. , Mahfuzur Rahman , M. , Mazid Miah , M.A. and Tasmin , A. 2008 . Arsenic accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Human exposure through food chain . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. , 69 : 317 – 324 .
  • Baker , A.J.M. 1981 . Accumulators and excluders—Strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals . J. Plant Nutr. , 3 : 643
  • Baker , A.J.M. , Grant , C. J. , Martin , M.H. , Shaw , S.C. and Whitebrook , J. 1986 . Induction and loss of cadmium tolerance in Holcus lanatus L. and other grasses . New Phytol. , 102 : 575 – 587 .
  • Baker , A.J.M. , McGrath , S.P. , Reeves , R.D. and Smith , J.A.C. 2000 . “ Metal hyperaccumulator plants: A review of the ecology and physiology of a biological resource for phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils ” . In Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Water , Edited by: Terry , N. and Bañuelos , G. 85 – 105 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC .
  • Baker , A.J.M. , McGrath , S.P. , Sidoli , C.M.D. and Reeves , R.D. 1994 . The possibility of in situ heavy metal decontamination of metal-polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants . Resour. Conserv. Recy. , 11 : 41 – 49 .
  • Baker , A.J.M. , Proctor , J. and Reeves , R.D. 1992 . The Vegetation of Ultramafic (Serpentine) Soils , Andover , NH : Intercept .
  • Baker , A.J.M. , Reeves , R.D. and Hajar , A.S.M. 1994 . Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in British populations of the metallophyte Thlaspi caerulescens J.&C. Presl. (Brassicaceae) . New Phytol. , 121 : 61 – 68 .
  • Baker , A.J.M. , Reeves , R.D. and McGrath , S.P. 1991 . “ In situ decontamination of heavy metal polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants—A feasibility study ” . In In Situ Bioreclamation: Applications and Investigations for Hydrocarbon and Contaminated Site Remediation , Edited by: Hinchee , R.E. and Olfenbuttel , R.F. 600 – 605 . London : Butterworth-Heinemann .
  • Bani , A. , Echevarria , G. , Sulce , S. , Morel , J.L. and Mullai , A. 2007 . In-situ phytoextraction of Ni by a native population of Alyssum murale on an ultramafic site (Albania) . Plant Soil , 293 : 79 – 89 .
  • Bañuelos , G.S. 2006 . Phyto-products may be essential for sustainability and implementation of phytoremediation . Environ. Pollut. , 144 : 19 – 23 .
  • Bañuelos , G.S. , Shannon , M.C. , Ajwa , H. , Draper , J.H. , Jordahl , J. and Licht , L. 1999 . Phytoextraction and accumulation of boron and selenium by poplar (Populus) clones . Int. J. Phytoremed. , 1 : 81 – 96 .
  • Bañuelos , G. , Terry , N. , Leduc , D.L. , Pilon-Smits , E.A.H. and Mackey , B. 2005 . Field trial of transgenic Indian mustard plants shows enhanced phytoremediation of selenium-contaminated sediment . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 39 : 1771 – 1777 .
  • Bardos , P. , French , C.J. , Moffat , A.J. and Nortcliff , S. 1999 . Renewable energy, decontamination and recycling: can biomass kill three birds with one stone? . Land Contamin Reclamat , 7 : 174 – 176 .
  • Barrios , E. 2007 . Soil biota, ecosystem services and land productivity . Ecol. Econ. , 64 : 269 – 285 .
  • Barrios , E. , Delve , R.J. , Bekunda , A. , Mowo , J. , Agunda , J. , Ramisch , J. , Trejo , M.T. and Thomas , R.J. 2006 . Indicators of soil quality: A South-South development of a methodological guide for linking local and technical knowledge . Geoderma , 135 : 248 – 259 .
  • Beckett , P.J. , Negusanti , J. , Peters , T. , Vining , J. , Miller , J. and Lautenbach , W. The Sudbury regional land reclamation program—Tree and shrub enhancement . Sudbury , Ontario , Canada. Sudbury ‘95—Mining and the Environment , pp. 1103 – 1112 . Conference Proceedings, Vols. 1–3
  • Bellamy , P.H. , Loveland , P.J. , Bradley , R.I. , Lark , R.M. and Kirk , G.J.D. 2005 . Carbon loss from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003 . Nature , 437 : 245 – 248 .
  • Bellis , D. , Cox , A.J. , Staton , I. , Mcleod , C.W. and Satake , K. 2001 . Mapping airborne lead contamination near a metals smelter in Derbyshire, UK: Spatial variation of Pb concentration and ‘enrichment factor’ for tree bark . J. Environ. Monit. , 3 : 512 – 514 .
  • Bens , O. , Wahl , N.A. , Fischer , H. and Huttl , R.F. 2007 . Water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity in sandy cambisols: impacts of forest transformation on soil hydrological properties . Eur. J. For. Res. , 126 : 101 – 109 .
  • Berndes , G. , Fredrikson , F. and Borjesson , P. 2004 . Cadmium accumulation and Salix-based phytoextraction on arable land in Sweden . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 103 : 207 – 223 .
  • Blaylock , M.J. , Salt , D.E. , Dushenkov , D.E. , Zakharova , S. , Gussman , O. , Kapulnik , Y. , Ensley , B.D. and Raskin , I. 1997 . Enhanced accumulation of Pb in Indian Mustard by soil applied chelating agents . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 86 – 865 .
  • Bradshaw , A.D. and Chadwick , M.J. 1980 . The Restoration of Land , Oxford , , UK : Blackwell Scientific .
  • Broadley , M.R. , Willey , N.J. , Wilkins , J.C. , Baker , A.J.M. , Mead , A. and White , P.J. 2001 . Phylogenetic variation in heavy metal accumulation in angiosperms . New Phytol. , 152 : 9 – 27 .
  • Brofas , G. , Mantakas , G. , Tsagari , K. and Mermiris , C. 2007 . “ Evaluation of revegetation techniques on mining spoil slopes ” . In Eco- And Ground Bio-Engineering: The Use of Vegetation to Improve Slope Stability , Edited by: Stokes , A. , Spanos , I. , Norris , J. E. and Cammeraat , E. 419 – 425 . New York : Springer .
  • Brooks , R. , Anderson , C. , Stewart , R. and Robinson , B. 1999 . Phytomining: Growing a crop of metal . Biologist , 46 : 201 – 205 .
  • Brooks , R.R. , Robinson , B.H. , Howes , A.W. and Chiarucci , A. 2001 . An evaluation of Berkheya coddii Roessler and Alyssum bertolonii Desv. for phytoremediation and phytomining of nickel . S. Afr. J. Sci. , 97 : 558 – 560 .
  • Brunner , I. , Luster , J. , Gunthardt-Goerg , M.S. and Frey , B. 2008 . Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilisation potential of tree fine roots in a contaminated soil . Environ. Pollut. , 152 : 559 – 568 .
  • Caille , N. , Swanwick , S. , Zhao , F.J. and McGrath , S.P. 2004 . Arsenic hyperaccumulation by Pteris vittata from arsenic contaminated soils and the effect of liming and phosphate fertilisation . Environ. Pollut. , 132 : 113 – 120 .
  • Chaney , R.L. , Angle , J.S. , Broadhurst , C.L. , Peters , C.A. , Tappero , R.V. and Sparks , D.L. 2007 . Improved understanding of hyperaccumulation yields commercial phytoextraction and phytomining technologies . J. Environ. Qual. , 36 : 1429 – 1443 .
  • Chen , Y. , Shen , Z. and Li , X. 2004 . The use of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals . Appl. Geochem. , 19 : 1553
  • Chiu , K.K. , Ye , Z.H. and Wong , M.H. 2005 . Enhanced uptake of As, Zn, and Cu by Vetiveria zizanioides and Zea mays using chelating agents . Chemosphere , 60 : 1365
  • Clemente , R. , Dickinson , N.M. and Lepp , N.W. 2008 . Mobility of metals and metalloids in a multi-element contaminated soil 20 years after cessation of the pollution source activity . Environ. Pollut. , 155, 254–261
  • Clemente , R. , Walker , D.J. and Bernal , M.P. 2005 . Uptake of heavy metals and As by Brassica juncea grown in a contaminated soil in Aznalcollar (Spain): The effect of soil amendments . Environ. Pollut. , 138 : 46 – 58 .
  • Crawford , L. , Lepp , N.W. and Hodkinson , I.D. 1996 . Accumulation and egestion of dietary copper and cadmium by the grasshopper Locusta migratoria R & F (Orthoptera: Acrididae) . Environ. Pollut. , 92 : 241 – 246 .
  • Dahmani-Muller , H. , Van Oort , F. , Gelie , B. and Balabane , M. 2000 . Strategies of heavy metal uptake by three plant species growing near a metal smelter . Environ. Pollut. , 109 : 231
  • Dickinson , N.M. 2002 . “ Soil degradation and nutrients ” . In The Restoration and Management of Derelict Land: Modern Approaches , Edited by: Wong , M.H. and Bradshaw , A.D. 50 – 65 . Hackensack , NJ : World Scientific .
  • Dickinson , N.M. , Hartley , W. , Uffindell , L.A. , Plumb , A. , Rawlinson , H. and Putwain , P. 2005 . Robust descriptors of soil health for use in reclamation of brownfield land . Land Contamin Reclama , 13 : 317 – 326 .
  • do Nascimento , C.W.A. , Amarasiriwardena , D. and Xing , B. 2006 . Comparison of natural organic acids and synthetic chelates at enhancing phytoextraction of metals from a multi-metal contaminated soil . Environ. Pollut. , 140 : 114
  • Dos Santos Utmazian , M.N. , Wieshammer , G. , Vega , R. and Wenzel , W.W. 2007 . Hydroponic screening for metal resistance and accumulation of cadmium and zinc in twenty clones of willows and poplars . Environ. Pollut. , 148 : 155 – 165 .
  • Ebbs , S.D. and Kochian , L.V. 1998 . Phytoextraction of zinc by oat (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 802 – 806 .
  • Environment Agency . 2004 . Mobilising Nature's Armoury: Monitored Natural Attenuation—Dealing with Pollution using Natural Processes , Bristol , , UK : Environment Agency .
  • Ernst , W.H.O. 1989 . “ Mine vegetation in Europe ” . In Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants: Evolutionary Aspects , Edited by: Shaw , A.J. 21 – 37 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC .
  • Ernst , W.H.O. 2005 . Phytoextraction of mine wastes—Options and impossibilities . Chem. Erde. Geochem. , 65 : 29
  • Ernst , W.H.O. , Schat , H. and Verkleij , J.A.C. 1990 . Evolutionary biology of metal resistance in Silene vulgaris . Evol. Trends Plants , 4 : 45 – 51 .
  • Evangelou , M.W.H. , Ebel , M. and Schaeffer , A. 2007 . Chelate assisted phytoextraction of heavy metals from soil Effect, mechanism, toxicity, and fate of chelating agents . Chemosphere , 68 : 989
  • EU . 2006 . Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection (Report COM (2006) 231) . [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/soil/index_en.htm] Brussels, Commission of the European Communities.
  • Fayiga , A.O. , Ma , L.Q. , Cao , X. and Rathinasabapathi , B. 2004 . Effects of heavy metals on growth and arsenic accumulation in the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L . Environ. Pollut. , 132 : 289 – 296 .
  • Feist , L.J. and Parker , D.R. 2001 . Ecotypic variation in selenium accumulation among populations of Stanleya pinnata . New Phytol. , 149 : 61 – 69 .
  • Fergusson , J.E. and Stewart , C. 1992 . The transport of airborne trace-elements copper, lead, cadmium, zinc and manganese from a city into rural areas . Sci. Total Environ. , 121 : 247 – 269 .
  • Field , C.B. , Campbell , J.E. and Lobell , D.B. 2008 . Biomass energy: The scale of the potential resource . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 23 : 65 – 72 .
  • Fontaine , S. , Barot , S. , Barre , P. , Bdioui , N. , Bruno , M. and Rumpel , C. 2007 . Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply . Nature , 450 : 277 – 280 .
  • Francesconi , K. , Visoottiviseth , P. , Sridokchan , W. and Goessler , W. 2002 . Arsenic species in an arsenic hyperaccumulating fern, Pityrogramma calomelanos: A potential phytoremediator of arsenic-contaminated soils . Sci. Total Environ. , 284 : 27 – 35 .
  • French , C.J. , Dickinson , N.M. and Putwain , P.D. 2005 . Woody biomass phytoremediation of contaminated brownfield land . Environ. Pollut. , 141 : 387 – 395 .
  • Gadepalle , V.P. , Ouki , S.K. , Van Herwijnen , R. and Hutchings , T. 2007 . Immobilization of heavy metals in soil using natural and waste materials for vegetation establishment on contaminated sites . Soil Sediment Contam. , 16 : 233 – 251 .
  • Ghosh , M. and Singh , S.P. 2005 . A comparative study of cadmium phytoextraction by accumulator and weed species . Environ. Pollut. , 133 : 365 – 371 .
  • Goransson , A. and Philippot , S. 1994 . “ The use of fast growing trees as ‘metal-collectors’ ” . In Willow Vegetation Filters for Municipal Wastewaters and Sludges: A Biological Purification System , Edited by: Aronsson , P. and Perttu , K. 129 – 132 . Uppsala , , Sweden : Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet .
  • Gothberg , A. , Greger , M. , Holm , K. and Bengtsson , B.-E. 2004 . Influence of nutrient levels on uptake and effects of mercury, cadmium, and lead in water spinach . J. Environ. Qual. , 33 : 1247 – 1255 .
  • Grime , J.P. , Hodgson , J.G. and Hunt , R. 1988 . Comparative Plant Ecology: A Functional Approach to Common British Species. London, Unwin Hyman .
  • Gunn , J.M. 1995 . Environmental Restoration and Recovery in an Industrial Region , New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Harmens , H. , Gusmao , N.G.C.P.B. , Den Hartog , P.R.D. , Verkleij , J.A.C. and Ernst , W.H.O. 1993 . Uptake and transport of zinc in zinc-sensitive and zinc-tolerant Silene vulgaris . J. Plant Physiol. , 141 : 309 – 315 .
  • Hsiao , K.-H. , Kao , P.-H. and Hseu , Z.-Y. 2007 . Effects of chelators on chromium and nickel uptake by Brassica juncea on serpentine-mine tailings for phytoextraction . J. Hazard. Mater. , 148 : 366
  • Huang , J.W. , Chen , J.J. , Berti , W.R. and Cunningham , S.D. 1997 . Phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soils: Role of synthetic chelates in lead phytoextraction . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 800 – 805 .
  • Huang , J.W.W. , Poynton , C.Y. , Kochian , L.V. and Elless , M.P. 2004 . Phytofiltration of arsenic from drinking water using arsenic-hyperaccumulating ferns . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 3412 – 3417 .
  • Hunter , B.A. , Johnson , M.S. and Thompson , D.J. 1987 . Ecotoxicology of copper and cadmium in a contaminated grassland ecosystem. II. Invertebrates . J. Appl. Ecol. , 24 : 587 – 599 .
  • Intawongse , M. and Dean , J. 2006 . Uptake of heavy metals by vegetable plants grown on contaminated soil and their bioavailability in the human gastrointestinal tract . Food Addit. Contam. , 23 : 36 – 48 .
  • Keeling , S.M. , Stewart , R.B. , Anderson , C.W. , ??? , N. and Robinson , B.H. 2003 . Nickel and cobalt phytoextraction by the hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii: Implications for polymetallic phytomining and phytoremediation . Int. J. Phytoremed. , 5 : 235 – 244 .
  • Keller , C. , Hammer , D. , Kayser , A. , Richner , W. , Brodbeck , M. and Sennhauser , M. 2003 . Root development and heavy metal phytoextraction efficiency: Comparison of different plant species in the field . Plant Soil , 249 : 67 – 81 .
  • Kirkham , M.B. 2006 . Cadmium in plants on polluted soils: effects of soil factors, hyperaccumulation, and amendments . Geoderma , 137 : 19 – 32 .
  • Klang-Westin , E. and Eriksson , J. 2003 . Potential of Salix as phytoextractor for Cd on moderately contaminated soils . Plant Soil , 249 : 127 – 137 .
  • Komarek , M. , Tlustos , P. , Szakova , J. and Chrastny , V. 2008 . The use of poplar during a two-year induced phytoextraction of metals from contaminated agricultural soils . Environ. Pollut. , 151 : 27 – 38 .
  • Kuboi , T. , Noguchi , A. and Yazaki , J. 1986 . Family-dependent cadmium accumulation characteristics in higher plants . Plant Soil , 92 : 405 – 415 .
  • Lal , R. 2007 . Soil science and the carbon civilization . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 71 : 1425 – 1437 .
  • Landberg , T. and Greger , M. 1996 . Differences in uptake and tolerance to heavy metals in Salix from unpolluted and polluted areas . Appl. Geochem. , 11 : 175 – 180 .
  • Larlson , J.R. , Likens , G.E. , Fitzpatrick , J.W. and Crock , J.G. 2000 . Cadmium toxicity among wildlife in the Colorado Rocky Mountains . Nature , 406 : 181 – 183 .
  • Laureysens , I. , Blust , R. , De Temmerman , L. , Lemmens , C. and Ceulemans , R. 2004 . Clonal variation in heavy metal accumulation and biomass production in a poplar coppice culture: I Seasonal variation in leaf, wood and bark concentrations . Environ. Pollut. , 131 : 485 – 494 .
  • Lebeau , T. , Braud , A. and Jezequel , K. 2008 . Performance of bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction applied to metal contaminated soils: A review . Environ. Pollut , 153 : 497 – 522 .
  • Lehmann , A. and Stahr , K. 2007 . Nature and significance of anthropogenic urban soils . J. Soils Sediments , 7 : 247 – 260 .
  • Lewandowski , I. , Schmidt , U. , Londo , M. and Faaij , A. 2006 . The economic value of the phytoremediation function—Assessed by the example of cadmium remediation by willow (Salix ssp) . Agric. Sys. , 89 : 68 – 89 .
  • Li , Y.M. , Chaney , R.L. , Brewer , E.P. , Angle , J.S. and Nelkin , J. 2003 . Phytoextraction of nickel and cobalt by hyperaccumulator Alyssum species grown on nickel-contaminated soils . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 37 : 1463 – 1468 .
  • Luo , C. , Shen , Z. , Li , X. and Baker , A.J.M. 2006 . Enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and other metals from artificially contaminated soils through the combined application of EDTA and EDDS . Chemosphere , 63 : 1773
  • Ma , L.Q. , Komar , K.M. , Tu , C. , Zhang , W. , Cai , Y. and Kennelley , E.D. 2001 . A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic . Nature , 409 : 579
  • Ma , Y. , Dickinson , N.M. and Wong , M.H. 2003 . Interactions between earthworms, trees, soil nutrition and metal mobility in amended Pb/Zn mine tailings from Guangdong, China . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 35 : 1369 – 1379 .
  • Ma , Y. , Dickinson , N.M. and Wong , M.H. 2006 . Beneficial effects of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on establishment of leguminous trees on Pb/Zn mine tailings . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 38 : 1403 – 1412 .
  • Marschner , H. 1988 . Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants , London : Academic .
  • Martinez , M. , Bernal , P. , Almela , C. , Velez , D. , Garcia-Agustin , P. , Serrano , R. and Navarro-Avino , J. 2006 . An engineered plant that accumulates higher levels of heavy metals than Thlaspi caerulescens, with yields of 100 times more biomass in mine soils . Chemosphere , 64 : 478 – 485 .
  • McGrath , S.P. , Lombi , E. , Gray , C.W. , Caille , N. , Dunham , S.J. and Zhao , F.J. 2006 . Field evaluation of Cd and Zn phytoextraction potential by the hyperaccumulators Thlaspi caerulescens and Arabidopsis halleri . Environ. Pollut. , 141 : 115 – 125 .
  • McGrath , S.P. and Zhao , F.-J. 2003 . Phytoextraction of metals and metalloids from contaminated soils . Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. , 14 : 277 – 282 .
  • McLeod , K.W. and Ciravolo , T.G. 1998 . Boron tolerance and potential boron removal by bottom land tree seedlings . Wetlands , 18 : 431 – 436 .
  • Meers , E. , Vandecasteele , B. , Ruttens , A. , Vangronsveld , J. and Tack , F.M.G. 2007 . Potential of five willow species (Salix spp.) for phytoextraction of heavy metals . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 60 : 57
  • Mendez , M. O. and Maier , R.M. 2008a . Phytoremediation of mine tailings in temperate and arid environments . Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. , 7 : 47 – 59 .
  • Mendez , M. O. and Maier , R.M. 2008b . Phytostabilization of mine tailings in arid and semiarid environments-an emerging remediation technology . Environ. Health Perspect. , 116 : 278 – 283 .
  • Mertens , J. , Luyssaert , S. and Verheyen , K. 2005 . Use and abuse of trace metal concentrations in plant tissue for biomonitoring and phytoextraction . Environ. Pollut. , 138 : 1 – 4 .
  • Mertens , J. , Van Nevel , L. , De Schrijver , A. , Piesschaert , F. , Oosterbaan , A. , Tack , F.M.G. and Verheyen , K. 2007 . Tree species effect on the redistribution of soil metals . Environ. Pollut. , 149 : 173
  • Mertens , J. , Vervaeke , P. , Schrijver , A.D. and Luyssaert , S. 2004 . Metal uptake by young trees from dredged brackish sediment: Limitations and possibilities for phytoextraction and phytostabilisation . Sci. Total Environ. , 326 : 209
  • Millis , P.R. , Ramsey , M.H. and John , E.A. 2004 . Heterogeneity of cadmium concentration in soil as a source of uncertainty in plant uptake and its implications for human health risk assessment . Sci. Total Environ. , 326 : 49 – 53 .
  • Moore , H.M. , Fox , H.R. and Elliott , S. 2003 . Land Reclamation: Extending the Boundaries , Lisse , , Netherlands : A.A. Balkema .
  • Mulligan , C.N. and Yong , R.N. 2004 . Natural attenuation of contaminated soils . Environ. Int. , 30 : 587 – 601 .
  • Nicks , L.J. and Chambers , M.F. 1998 . “ A pioneering study of the potential of phytomining for nickel ” . In Plants that Hyperaccumulate Metals , Edited by: Brooks , R.R. 313 – 325 . Wallingford , , UK : CAB International .
  • Nowack , B. , Schulin , R. and Robinson , B.H. 2006 . Critical assessment of chelant-enhanced metal phytoextraction . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 5225 – 5232 .
  • Ostman , G. 1994 . “ Cadmium in Salix—A study of the capacity of Salix to remove cadmium from arable soils ” . In Wilow Vegetation Filters for Municipal Waste Waters and Sludges: A Biological Purification System , Edited by: Aronnsson , P. and Perttu , K. 153 – 155 . Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences .
  • Perttu , K.L. and Kowalik , P.J. 1997 . Salix vegetation filters for purification of waters and soils . Biomass Bioenergy , 12 : 9 – 19 .
  • Piccinin , R.C.R. , Ebbs , S.D. , Reichman , S.M. , Kolev , S.D. , Woodrow , I.E. and Baker , A.J.M. 2007 . A screen of some native Australian flora and exotic agricultural species for their potential application in cyanide-induced phytoextraction of gold . Miner. Eng. , 20 : 1327
  • Pulford , I.D. and Watson , C. 2003a . Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated land by trees-a review . Environ. Int. , 29 : 529 – 540 .
  • Pulford , I.D. and Watson , C. 2003b . Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated land by trees—A review . Environ. Int. , 29 : 529 – 540 .
  • Punshon , T. and Dickinson , N.M. 1997 . Acclimation of Salix to metal stress . New Phytol. , 137 : 303 – 314 .
  • Punz , W. 1995 . Metallophytes in the eastern Alps with special emphasis on higher plants growing on calamine and copper localities . Phyton-Ann. Rei Bot. A. , 35 : 295 – 309 .
  • Punz , W.F. and Sieghardt , H. 1993 . The response of roots of herbaceous plant species to heavy metals . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 33 : 85 – 98 .
  • Quartacci , M.F. , Irtelli , B. , Baker , A.J.M. and Navari-Izzo , F. 2007 . The use of NTA and EDDS for enhanced phytoextraction of metals from a multiply contaminated soil by Brassica carinata . Chemosphere , 68 : 1920
  • Reeves , R.D. 2003 . Tropical hyperaccumulators of metals and their potential for phytoextraction . Plant Soil , 249 : 57 – 65 .
  • Reeves , R.D. and Baker , A.J.M. 2000 . “ Metal-accumulating plants ” . In Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment , Edited by: Raskin , I. and Ensley , B. D. 193 – 229 . New York : Wiley-Interscience .
  • Regvar , M. , Vogel-Mikus , K. , Kugonic , N. , Turk , B. and Batic , F. 2006 . Vegetational and mycorrhizal successions at a metal polluted site: Indications for the direction of phytostabilisation? . Environ. Pollut. , 144 : 976
  • Rida , A.M.M.A. 1996 . Trace-element concentrations and growth of earthworms and plants in soils with and without cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc contamination: Interactions of plants, soil and earthworms . Soil Biology and Biochemistry , 28 : 1037 – 1044 .
  • Robinson , B.H. , Brooks , R.R. , Howes , A.W. , Kirkman , J.H. and Gregg , P.E.H. 1997 . The potential of the high-biomass nickel hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii for phytoremediation and phytomining . J. Geochem. Explor. , 60 : 115 – 126 .
  • Robinson , B.H. , Green , S.R. , Chancerel , B. , Mills , T.M. and Clothier , B.E. 2007 . Poplar for the phytomanagement of boron contaminated sites . Environ. Pollut. , 150 : 225
  • Robinson , B.H. , Mills , T.M. , Petit , D. , Fung , L.E. , Green , S.R. and Clothier , B.E. 2000 . Natural and induced Cd-accumulation in poplar and willow: Implications for phytoremediation . Plant Soil , 227 : 301 – 306 .
  • Robinson , B.H. , Schulin , R. , Nowack , B. , Roulier , S. , Meonon , M. , Clothier , B. , Green , S. and Mills , T. 2006 . Phytoremediation for the management of metal flux in contaminated sites . For. Snow Landsc. Res. , 80 : 221 – 234 .
  • Rodrigue , J. , Champoux , L. , Leclair , D. and Duchesne , J.-F. 2007 . Cadmium concentrations in tissues of willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) and rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) in Nunavik, Northern Quebec . Environ. Pollut. , 147 : 642 – 647 .
  • Römkens , P. , Bouwman , L. , Japenga , J. and Draaisma , C. 2002 . Potentials and drawbacks of chelate-enhanced phytoremediation of soils . Environ. Pollut. , 116 : 109 – 121 .
  • Ruttens , A. , Colpaert , J.V. , Mench , M. , Boisson , J. , Carleer , R. and Vangronsveld , J. 2006 . Phytostabilization of a metal contaminated sandy soil II: Influence of compost and/or inorganic metal immobilizing soil amendments on metal leaching . Environ. Pollut. , 144 : 533 – 539 .
  • Sanders , J.R. , McGrath , S.P. and Adams , T.M. 1987 . Zinc, copper and nickel concentrations in soil extracts and crops growing on four soils treated with metal-loaded sludges . Environ. Pollut. , 44 : 193 – 210 .
  • Sas-Nowosielska , A. , Kucharski , R. , Malkowski , E. , Pogrzeba , M. , Kuperberg , J.M. and Krynski , K. 2004 . Phytoextraction crop disposal—An unsolved problem . Environ. Pollut. , 128 : 373
  • Savabi , M.R. , Shinde , D. , Konomi , K. , Nkedi-Kizza , P. and Jayachandran , K. 2003 . “ Modeling the effect of soil amendments (composts) on water balance and water quality ” . In Water Pollution Vii—Modelling, Measuring And Prediction , Edited by: Brebbia , C.A. , Almorza , D. and Sales , D. 57 – 66 . Southampton , , UK : Wit .
  • Scharenbroch , B.C. , Lloyd , J.E. and Johnson-Maynard , J.L. 2005 . Distinguishing urban soils with physical, chemical, and biological properties . Pedobiologia , 49 : 283 – 296 .
  • Schwartz , C. , Echevarria , G. and Morel , J.L. 2003 . Phytoextraction of cadmium with Thlaspi caerulescens . Plant Soil , 249 : 27 – 35 .
  • Shu , W.S. , Xia , H.P. , Zhang , Z.Q. , Lan , C.Y. and Wong , M.H. Use of vetiver and other three grasses for revegetation of a Pb/Zn mine tailings at Lechang, Guangdong Province: A field experiment . Thailand. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Vetiver , pp. 62 – 71 . Phetchaburi Province . 18–20 January
  • Sun , B. , Zhao , F.J. , Lombi , E. and McGrath , S.P. 2001 . Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils using EDTA . Environ. Pollut. , 113 : 111 – 120 .
  • Terry , N. and Bañuelos , G.S. 1998 . Phytoremediation , Ann Arbor , MI : Ann Arbor Press .
  • Thayalakumaran , T. , Robinson , B.H. , Vogeler , I. , Scotter , D.R. , Clothier , B.E. and Percival , H.J. 2003 . Plant uptake and leaching of copper during EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of repacked and undisturbed soil . Plant Soil , 254 : 415 – 423 .
  • Tu , C. , Ma , L.Q. , Fayiga , A.O. and Aillioux , E.J. 2004 . Phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated groundwater by the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern Pteris vittata L . Int. J. Phytoremed. , 6 : 35 – 47 .
  • Unterbrunner , R. , Puschenreiter , M. , Sommer , P. , Wieshammer , G. , Tlustos , P. , Zupan , M. and Wenzel , W.W. 2007a . Heavy metal accumulation in trees growing on contaminated sites in Central Europe . Environ. Pollut. , 148 : 107
  • Unterbrunner , R. , Puschenreiter , M. , Sommer , P. , Wieshammer , G. , Tlustos , P. , Zupan , M. and Wenzel , W.W. 2007b . Heavy metal accumulation in trees growing on contaminated sites in Central Europe . Environ. Pollut. , 148 : 107 – 114 .
  • Utriainen , M.A. , Karenlämpi , L.V. , Karenlämpi , S.O. and Schat , H. 1997 . Differential tolerance to copper and zinc of micropropagated birches tested in hydroponics . New Phytol. , 137 : 543 – 549 .
  • Van Nevel , L. , Mertens , J. , Oorts , K. and Verheyen , K. 2007 . Phytoextraction of metals from soils: How far from practice? . Environ. Pollut. , 150 : 34
  • Vandecasteele , B. , Samyn , J. , Quataert , P. , Muys , B. and Tack , F.M.G. 2004 . Earthworm biomass as additional information for risk assessment of heavy metal biomagnification: A case study for dredged sediment-derived soils and polluted floodplain soils . Environ. Pollut. , 129 : 363 – 375 .
  • Vangronsveld , J. and Cunningham , S.D. 1998 . Metal-Contaminated Soils: In Situ Inactivation and Phytorestoration , Georgetown , TX : R.G. Landes .
  • Vassil , A. , Kapulnik , Y. , Raskin , I. and Salt , D.E. 1998 . The role of EDTA in lead transport and accumulation by Indian mustard . Plant Physiology , 117 : 447 – 453 .
  • Vyslouzilova , M. , Tlustos , P. and Szakova , J. 2003 . Cadmium and zinc phytoextraction potential of seven clones of Salix spp. planted on heavy metal contaminated soils . Plant Soil Environ. , 49 : 542 – 547 .
  • Wang , H. , Ye , Z. , Shu , W. , Li , W. , Wong , M. and Lan , C. 2006 . Arsenic uptake and accumulation in fern species growing at arsenic-contaminated sites of southern China: Field surveys . Int. J. Phytoremed. , 8 : 1 – 11 .
  • Wessolek , G. and Facklam , M. 1997 . Site characteristics and hydrology of sealed areas . Z. Pflanzen. Bodenkunde , 160 : 41 – 46 .
  • White , P.J. , Bowen , H.C. , Marshall , B. and Broadley , M.R. 2007 . Extraordinarily high leaf selenium to sulfur ratios define ‘Se-accumulator’ plants . Ann. Bot. , 100 : 111 – 118 .
  • Whiting , S.N. , Broadley , M.R. and White , P.J. 2003 . Applying a solute transfer model to phytoextraction: zinc acquisition by Thlaspi caerulescens . Plant Soil , 249 : 45 – 56 .
  • Whiting , S.N. , Reeves , R.D. , Richards , D. , Johnson , M.S. , Cooke , J.A. , Malaisse , F. , Paton , A. , Smith , J.A.C. , Angle , J.S. , Chaney , R.L. , Ginocchio , R. , Jaffré , T. , Johns , R. , Mcintyre , T. , Purvis , O.W. , Salt , D.E. , Schat , H. , Zhao , F.J. and Baker , A.J.M. 2004 . Research priorities for conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and their potential for restoration and site remediation . Restor. Ecol. , 12 : 106 – 116 .
  • Wilde , E.W. , Brigmon , R.L. , Dunn , D.L. , Heitkamp , M.A. and Dagnan , D.C. 2005 . Phytoextraction of lead from firing range soil by vetiver grass . Chemosphere , 61 : 1451
  • Wong , M.H. and Bradshaw , A.D. 2002 . The Restoration and Management of Derelict Land: Modern Approaches , Hackensack , NJ : World Scientific .
  • Wu , L.H. , Luo , Y.M. , Xing , X.R. and Christie , P. 2004 . EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil with Indian mustard and associated potential leaching risk . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 102 : 307 – 318 .
  • Yang , Q.W. , Shu , W.S. , Qiu , J.W. , Wang , H.B. and Lan , C.Y. 2004 . Lead in paddy soils and rice plants and its potential health risk around Lechang Lead/Zinc Mine, Guangdong, China . Environ. Int. , 30 : 883 – 889 .
  • Yu , H. , Wang , J. , Fang , W. , Yuan , J. and Yang , Z. 2006 . Cadmium accumulation in different rice cultivars and screening for pollution-safe cultivars of rice . Sci. Total Environ. , 370 : 302 – 309 .
  • Zhao , F.J. , Dunham , S.J. and McGrath , S.P. 2002 . Arsenic hyperaccumulation by different fern species . New Phytol. , 156 : 27 – 31 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.