Phytoremediation: green technology for the removal of mixed contaminants of a water supply reservoir

References

• Amado LL, Monserrat JM. 2010. Oxidative stress generation by microcystin in aquatic animals. Why and how. Environ Int. 36(2):226–235. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsano E, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Hoque E, Pflugmacher S. 2015. Toxin resistance in aquatic fungi poses environmentally friendly remediation possibilities: a study on the growth responses and biosorption potential of Mucor hiemalis EH5 against cyanobacterial toxins. Int J Water Wastewater Treat. 1(1):1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.16966/2381-5299.101
   Google Scholar
• Baudhuin P, Beaufay H, Rahman-Li Y, Sellinger OZ, Wattiaux R, Jacques P, De Duve C. 1964. Tissue fractionation studies XVII. Intracellular distribution of monoamine oxidase, aspartate amino-transferase, diaminoacid oxidase and catalase in rat liver tissue. Biochem J. 92(1):179–187. doi:10.1042/bj0920179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittencourt-Oliveira MC. 2003. Detection of potential microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in Brazilian reservoirs with a mcyB molecular marker. Harmful Algae. 2(1):51–60. doi:10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00004-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittencourt-Oliveira MC, Hereman TC, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Macedo-Silva I, Dias CT, Sasaki FFC, Moura AN. 2014. Phytotoxicity associated to microcystins: a review. Braz J Biol. 74(4):753–760. doi:10.1590/1519-6984.06213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouju H, Nastold P, Beck B, Hollender J, Corvini PF-X, Wintgens T. 2016. Elucidation of biotransformation of diclofenac and 4’hydroxydiclofenac during biological wastewater treatment. J Hazard Mater. 301:443–452. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 72(1–2):248–254. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria n. 2.914 de 12 de dezembro de 2011. Diário Oficial da União, n. 8239, seção 1, 2011. http://site.sabesp.com.br/site/uploads/file/asabesp_doctos/PortariaMS291412122011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Calado SLM, Wojciechowski J, Santos GS, Magalhães VF, Padial AA, Cestari MM, Silva de Assis H. 2017. Neurotoxins in a water supply reservoir: an alert to environmental and human health. Toxicon. 126:12–22. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contardo-Jara V, Kuehn S, Pflugmacher S. 2015. Single and combined exposure to MC-LR and BMAA confirm suitability of Aegagropila linnaei for use in Green Liver System®—a case study with cyanobacterial toxins. Aquat Toxicol. 165:101–108. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha SC, Pena A, Fernandes JO. 2017. Mussels as bioindicators of diclofenac contamination in coastal environments. Environ Pollut. 225:354–360. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebele AJ, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S. 2017. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment. Emerging Contam. 3(1):1–16. doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2016.12.004
   Google Scholar
• Esterhuizen-Londt M, Hendel AL, Pflugmacher S. 2017. Mycoremediation of diclofenac using Mucor hiemalis. Environ Toxicol Chem. 99(5–6):795–808. doi:10.1080/02772248.2017.1296444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esterhuizen-Londt M, Schwartz K, Balsano E, Kühn S, Pflugmacher S. 2016. LC–MS/MS method development for quantitative analysis of acetaminophen uptake by the aquatic fungus Mucor hiemalis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 128:230–235. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2012. Revised directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on priority substances in the field of water quality. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-danger.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Fuego D, Keunen E, Cuypers A, Bertrand A, González A. 2017. Mycorrhization protects Betula pubescens Ehr. from metal-induced oxidative stress increasing its tolerance to grow in an industrial polluted soil. J Hazard Mater. 336:119–127. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes LF, Lagos PED, Wosiack AC, Pacheco CV, Domingues L, Zenhder-Alves L, Coquemala V. 2005. Comunidades fitoplanctônicas em ambientes lênticos. In: Andreoli CV, Carneiro C, editors. Gestão integrada de mananciais de abastecimento eutrofizados. Curitiba (Brazil): Sanepar-Finep. p. 500.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrão-Filho AS, Herrera NA, Echeverri LF. 2014. Microcystin accumulation in cladocerans: first evidence of MC uptake from aqueous extracts of a natural bloom sample. Toxicon. 87:26–31. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.05.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Rojas NC, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. 2015. Antioxidative stress responses in the floating macrophyte Lemna minor L. with cylindrospermopsin exposure. Aquat Toxicol. 169:188–195. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonte P, Reis S, Sarmento B. 2016. Facts and evidences on the lyophilization of polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery. J Control Release. 225:75–86. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibble CM, Peacock MB, Kudela RM. 2016. Evidence of freshwater algal toxins in marine shellfish: implications for human and aquatic health. Harmful Algae. 59:59–66. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill SS, Tuteja N. 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol Biochem. 48(12):909–930. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröner F, Höhne C, Kleiner W, Kloas W. 2017. Chronic diclofenac exposure affects gill integrity and pituitary gene expression and displays estrogenic activity in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Chemosphere. 166:473–481. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiloski IC, Ribas JL, Piancini LDS, Dagostim AC, Calado SLM, Fávaro LF, Boschen SL, Cestari MM, Cunha C, Silva de Assis HC. 2017. Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac in freshwater fish Rhamdia quelen. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 139:291–300. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiloski IC, Ribas JL, Piancini LDS, Dagostim AC, Cirio SM, Fávaro LF, Boschen SL, Cestari MM, Cunha C, Silva de Assis HC. 2017. Paracetamol causes endocrine disruption and hepatotoxicity in male fish Rhamdia quelen after subchronic exposure. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 53:111–120. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2017.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta N, Pant SC, Vijayaraghavan R, Rao PVL. 2003. Comparative toxicity evaluation of cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin variants (LR, RR, YR) in mice. Toxicology. 188(2–3):285–296. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00112-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habig W, Pabst MJ, Jacoby WB. 1974. Glutathione S-transferase: the first step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem. 249:1730–1739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser-Davis RA, Lavradas RT, Lavandier RC, Rojas EGA, Guarino AWS, Ziolli RL. 2015. Accumulation and toxic effects of microcystin in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from an eutrophic Brazilian lagoon. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 112:132–136. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber C, Bartha B, Harpaintner P, Schroder P. 2009. Metabolism of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in plants—two independent pathways result in the formation of a glutathione and a glucose conjugate. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 16(2):206–213. doi:10.1007/s11356-008-0095-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber C, Bartha B, Schroder P. 2012. Metabolism of diclofenac in plants—hydroxylation is followed by glucose conjugation. J Hazard Mater. 243:250–256. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell KS, Falås P, Wick A, Joss A, Ternes TA. 2016. Transformation of diclofenac in hybrid biofilm–activated sludge processes. Water Res. 105:559–567. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer RD, Mizukawa A, Ide AH, Marcante LO, Dos Santos MM, Jcr DA. 2015. Determinação de anti-flamatórios na água e sedimento e suas relações com a qualidade da água na bacia do Alto Iguaçu, Curitiba-PR. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 20:657–667. doi:10.21168/rbrh.v20n3
   Google Scholar
• Kummerová M, Zezulka Š, Babula P, Tříska J. 2016. Possible ecological risk of two pharmaceuticals diclofenac and paracetamol demonstrated on a model plant Lemna. J Hazard Mater. 302:351–361. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajayer BA, Ghorbanpour M, Nikabadi S. 2017. Heavy metals in contaminated environment: destiny of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, oxidative status and phytoextraction in medical plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 145:377–390. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Sun Y. 2015. The role of PP2A-associated proteins and signal pathways in microcystin-LR toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 236(1):1–7. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Wang L, Pan B, Wang C, Bao S, Nie X. 2017. Toxic effects of diclofenac on life history parameters and the expression of detoxification-related genes in Daphnia magna. Aquat Toxicol. 183:104–113. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonappan L, Brar SK, Das RK, Verma M, Surampalli RY. 2016. Diclofenac and its transformation products: environmental occurrence and toxicity—a review. Environ Int. 96:127–138. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matamoros V, Nguyen X, Arias CA, Salvadó V, Brix H. 2012. Evaluation of aquatic plants for removing polar microcontaminants: a microcosm experiment. Chemosphere. 88(10):1257–1264. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Näslund J, Fick J, Asker N, Ekman E, Larsson J, Norrgren L. 2017. Diclofenac affects kidney histology in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) at low μg/L concentrations. Aquat Toxicol. 189:87–96. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimptsch J, Wiegand C, Pflugmacher S. 2008. Cyanobacterial toxin elimination via bioaccumulation of MCLR in aquatic macrophytes: an application of the “Green Liver Concept”. Environ Sci Technol. 42(22):8552–8557. doi:10.1021/es8010404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes B, Antunes S, Santos J, Martins L, Castro BB. 2014. Toxic potential of paracetamol to freshwater organisms: a headache to environmental regulators? Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 107:178–185. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes B, Nunes J, Soares AMVM, Figueira E, Freitas R. 2017. Toxicological effects of paracetamol on the clam Ruditapes philippinarum: exposure vs recovery. Aquat Toxicol. 192:198–206. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omidi A, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. 2018. Still challenging: the ecological function of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin—what we know so far. Toxin Rev. 37(2):87–105. doi:10.1080/15569543.2017.1326059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pflugmacher S. 2004. Promotion of oxidative stress in C. demersum due to exposure to cyanobacterial toxin. Aquat Toxicol. 70(3):169–178. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pflugmacher S, Kühn S, Lee S, Choi J, Baik S, Kwon K, Contardo-Jara V. 2015. Green Liver Systems® for water purification: using the phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophytes for the removal of different cyanobacterial toxins from water. Am J Plant Sci. 6(9):1607–1618. doi:10.4236/ajps.2015.69161
   Google Scholar
• Pflugmacher S, Kwon KS, Baik S, Kim S, Kühn S, Esterhuizen-Londt M. 2016. Physiological responses of Cladophora glomerata to cyanotoxins: a potential new phytoremediation species for the Green Liver Systems. Toxicol Environ Chem. 98(2):241–259. doi:10.1080/02772248.2015.1119835
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pflugmacher S, Olin M, Kankaanpää H. 2007. Nodularin induces oxidative stress in the Baltic Sea brown alga Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae). Mar Environ Res. 64(2):149–159. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitard FF. 1993. Pierre Gy’s sampling theory and sampling practice. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Pradhan A, Silva CO, Silva C, Pascoal C, Cássio F. 2016. Enzymatic biomarkers can portray nanoCuO-induced oxidative and neuronal stress in freshwater shredders. Aquat Toxicol. 180:227–235. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.09.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranieri E, Verlicchi P, Young TM. 2011. Paracetamol removal in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. J Hydrol. 404(3–4):130–135. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis AR, Tabei K, Sakakibara Y. 2014. Oxidation mechanism and overall removal rates of endocrine disrupting chemicals by aquatic plants. J Hazard Mater. 265:79–88. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Oliva CS, Contardo-Jara V, Pflugmacher S. 2015. Time dependent uptake, bioaccumulation and biotransformation of cell free crude extract microcystins from Lake Amatitlán, Guatemala by Ceratophyllum demersum, Egeria densa and Hydrilla verticillata. Toxicon. 105:62–73. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos LHMLM, Araújo AN, Fachini A, Pena A, Delerue-Matos C, Montenegro MCBSM. 2010. Ecotoxicological aspects related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. J Hazard Mater. 175(1–3):45–95. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz SN, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. 2017. Rise of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in temperate freshwater lakes: causes, correlations and possible countermeasures. Environ Toxicol Chem. 99(4):543–577. doi:10.1080/02772248.2016.1269332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz R, Bundschuh M, Gergs R, Brühl CA, Diehl D, Entling MH, Fahse L, Frör O, Jungkunst HF, Lorke A, et al. 2015. Review on environmental alterations propagating from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. Sci Total Environ. 538:246–261. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spengler A, Wanninger L, Pflugmacher S. 2017. Oxidative stress mediated toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles after a concentration and time dependent exposure of the aquatic macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata. Aquat Toxicol. 190:32–39. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Oost R, Beyer J, Vermeulen NPE. 2003. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 13(2):57–149. doi:10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00126-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilvert E, Contardo-Jara V, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. 2017. The effect of oxytetracycline on physiological and enzymatic defense responses in aquatic plant species Egeria densa, Azolla caroliniana, and Taxiphyllum barbieri. Toxicol Environ Chem. 99(1):104–116. doi:10.1080/02772248.2016.1165817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality 1998. Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information. Addendum, World Health Organization, Geneva. Second Edition, Vol. 2. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/2edaddvol2a.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Ok YS, Kim K, Kwon EE, Tsang YF. 2017. Occurrences and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water and water/sewage treatment plants: a review. Sci Tot Environ. 596–597:303–320. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan M, Carmichael WW, Hilborn ED. 2006. Microcystin analysis in human sera and liver from human fatalities in Caruaru, Brazil 1996. Toxicon. 48(6):627–640. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zegura B, Straser A, Filipic M. 2011. Genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity of cyanobacterial toxins—a review. Mutat Res. 727(1–2):16–41. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar