Phytoremediation and detoxification of xenobiotics in plants: herbicide-safeners as a tool to improve plant efficiency in the remediation of polluted environments. A mini-review

References

• Abu-Qare AW, Duncan HJ. 2002. Herbicide safeners: uses, limitations, metabolism, and mechanisms of action. Chemosphere. 48(9):965–974. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00185-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahemad M. 2015. Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-growth-promoting bacteria. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 13(1):51–58. doi:10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alkorta I, Garbisu C. 2001. Phytoremediation of organic contaminants in soils. Biores Technol. 79(3):273–276. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00016-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias-Estévez M, Lòpez-Periago E, Martìnez-Carballo E, Simal-Gàndara J, Mejuto J, Garcìa-Rìo L. 2008. The mobility and degradation of pesticides in soils and the pollution of groundwater resources. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 123(4):247–260. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2007.07.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf F, Abbas G, Murtaza B, Amjad M, Imran M, Naeem MA, Saqib M, Niazi NK, Zakir A, Hussain M, et al. 2018. Comparative tolerance and phytostabilization potential of Conocarpus erectus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis grown in cadmium contaminated soil. PAKJAS. 55(3):521–529. doi:10.21162/PAKJAS/18.7036.
   Google Scholar
• Azeez JO, Adekunle IO, Atiku OO, Akande KB, Jamiu-Azeez SO. 2009. Effect of nine years of animal waste deposition on profile distribution of heavy metals in Abeokuta, south-western Nigeria and its implication for environmental quality. Waste Manage. 29(9):2582–2586. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartucca ML, Celletti S, Astolfi S, Mimmo T, Cesco S, Panfili I, Del Buono D. 2017. Effect of three safeners on sulfur assimilation and iron deficiency response in barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants. Pest Manag Sci. 73(1):240–245. doi:10.1002/ps.4291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartucca ML, Celletti S, Mimmo T, Cesco S, Astolfi S, Del Buono D. 2017. Terbuthylazine interferes with iron nutrition in maize (Zea mays) plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 39(10):235. doi:10.1007/s11738-017-2537-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartucca ML, Di Michele A, Del Buono D. 2018. Interference of three herbicides on iron acquisition in maize plants. Chemosphere. 206:424–431. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartucca ML, Mimmo T, Cesco S, Del Buono D. 2016. Nitrate removal from polluted water by using a vegetated floating system. Sci Total Environ. 542:803–808. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behringer C, Bartsch K, Schaller A. 2011. Safeners recruit multiple signalling pathways for the orchestrated induction of the cellular xenobiotic detoxification machinery in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ. 34(11):1970–1985. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02392.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermudez-Couso A, Arias-Estevez M, Novoa-Muñoz JC, Lopez-Periago E, Soto-Gonzalez B, Simal-Gandara J. 2007. Seasonal distributions of fungicides in soils and sediments of a small river basin partially devoted to vineyards. Water Res. 41:4514–4525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazier-Hicks M, Gershater M, Dixon D, Edwards R. 2018. Substrate specificity and safener inducibility of the plant UDP-glucose-dependent family 1 glycosyltransferase super-family. Plant Biotechnol J. 16(1):337–348. doi:10.1111/pbi.12775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundschuh M, Elsaesser D, Stang C, Schulz R. 2016. Mitigation of fungicide pollution in detention ponds and vegetated ditches within a vine-growing area in Germany. Ecol Eng. 89:121–130. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.12.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cachada A, Rocha-Santos T, Duarte A. 2018. Soil and pollution: an introduction to the main issues. In: Duarte A, Cachada A, Rocha-Santos T, editors. Soil Pollution. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Elsevier. p. 1–28. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-849873-6.00001-7.
   Google Scholar
• Carabias Martìnez R, Rodrìguez Gonzalo E, Fernàndez Laespada ME, Sànchez San Romàn FJ. 2000. Evaluation of surface- and ground-water pollution due to herbicides in agricultural areas of Zamora and Salamanca (Spain). J Chromatogr A. 869:471–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cedergreen N, Streibig JC. 2005. The toxicity of herbicides to non-target aquatic plants and algae: assessment of predictive factors and hazard. Pest Manag Sci. 61(12):1152–1160. doi:10.1002/ps.1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chau NDG, Sebesvari Z, Amelung W, Renaud FG. 2015. Pesticide pollution of multiple drinking water sources in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: evidence from two provinces. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 22(12):9042–9058. doi:10.1007/s11356-014-4034-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen K, Arora R. 2011. Dynamics of the antioxidant system during seed osmopriming, post-priming germination, and seedling establishment in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Plant Sci. 180(2):212–220. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Zhao Y, Li Q, Qiao J, Tian Q, Liu X. 2009. Heavy metal contents and chemical speciations in sewage-irrigated soils from the eastern suburb of Beijing. China. J Food Agric Environ. 7:690–695.
   Google Scholar
• Climent MJ, Sanchez-Martin MJ, Rodriguez-Cruz MS, Pedreros P, Urrutia R, Herrero-Hernandez E. 2018. Determination of pesticides in river surface waters of central Chile using SPE-GC-MS multi-residue method. J Chil Chem Soc. 63(2):4023–4031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobbet C, Goldsbrough P. 2002. Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 53:159–182. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman JOD, Blake-Kalff MMA, Davies T. 1997. Detoxification of xenobiotics by plants; chemical modification and vacuolar compartmentation. Trends Plant Sci. 2(4):144–151. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(97)01019-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das K, Roychoudhury A. 2014. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Front Environ Sci. 2:53. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2014.00053.
   Google Scholar
• Davies J, Caseley JC. 1999. Herbicide safeners: a review. Pestic Sci. 55(11):1043–1058. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199911)55:11 < 1043::AID-PS60 > 3.0.CO;2-L.
   Google Scholar
• de Azevedo Neto AD, Prisco JT, Enéas-Filho J, de Abreu CEB, Gomes-Filho E. 2006. Effect of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive maize genotypes. Env Exp Bot. 56(1):87–94. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.01.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Buono D, Astolfi S, Mimmo T, Bartucca ML, Celletti S, Ciaffi M, Cesco S. 2015. Effects of terbuthylazine on phytosiderophores release in iron deficient barley. Environ Exp Bot. 116:32–38. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Buono D, Pannacci E, Bartucca ML, Nasini L, Proietti P, Tei F. 2016. Use of two grasses for the phytoremediation of aqueous solutions polluted with terbuthylazine. Int J Phytoremediation. 18(9):885–891. doi:10.1080/15226514.2016.1156633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Buono D, Scarponi L, Espen L. 2007. Glutathione S-transferases in Festuca arundinacea: identification, characterization and inducibility by safener benoxacor. Phytochemistry. 68(21):2614–2624. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.05.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRidder BP, Dixon DP, Beussman DJ, Edwards R, Goldsbrough PB. 2002. Induction of glutathione S-transferase in Arabidopsis by herbicide safeners. Plant Physiol. 130(3):1497–1505. doi:10.1104/pp.010066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doty SL. 2008. Enhancing phytoremediation through the use of transgenics and endophytes. New Phytol. 179(2):318–333. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02446.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzantor EK. 2007. Phytoremediation: the state of rhizosphere ‘engineering’ for accelerated rhizodegradation of xenobiotic contaminants. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 82(3):228–232. doi:10.1002/jctb.1662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards EA, Rawsthorne S, Mullineaux PM. 1990. Subcellular distribution of multiple forms of glutathione reductase in leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Planta. 180(2):278–284. doi:10.1007/BF00194008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards R, Brazier-Hicks M, Dixon DP, Cummins I. 2005. Chemical manipulation of antioxidant defences in plants. Adv Bot Res. 42. doi:10.1016/S0065-2296(04)42001-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards R, Del Buono D, Fordham M, Skipsey M, Brazier M, Dixon D P, Cummins I. 2005. Differential induction of glutathione transferases and glucosyltransferases in wheat, maize and Arabidopsis thaliana by herbicide safeners. Z Naturforsch C. 60:307–316. doi:10.1515/znc-2005-3-416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmore MT, Brosnan JT, Armel GR, Kopsell DA, Best MD, Mueller TC, Sorochan JC. 2015. Cytochrome P450 inhibitors reduce creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) tolerance to topramezone. PLOS One. 10(7):e0130947–10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans AEV, Mateo-Sagasta J, Qadir M, Boelee E, Ippolito A. 2019. Agricultural water pollution: key knowledge gaps and research needs. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 36:20–27. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2018. OECD-FAO agricultural outlook 2018–2027. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/agr_outlook-2018-en.
   Google Scholar
• Farago S, Brunold C, Kreuz K. 1994. Herbicide safeners and glulathione metabolism. Physiol Plant. 91(3):537–542. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.1994.910326.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayiga AO, Ipinmoroti MO, Chirenje T. 2017. Environmental pollution in Africa. Environ Dev Sustain. 20(1):41–73. doi:10.1007/s10668-016-9894-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingler S, Mendaš G, Dvoršćak M, Stipičević S, Vasilić Z, Drevenka V. 2017. Herbicide micropollutants in surface, ground and drinking waters within and near the area of Zagreb, Croatia. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 24(12):11017–11030. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7074-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forthoffer N, Helvig C, Dillon N, Benveniste I, Zimmerlin A, Tardif F, Salaun JP. 2001. Induction and inactivation of a cytochrome P450 conferring herbicide resistance in wheat seedlings. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 26(1–2):9–16. doi:10.1007/BF03190370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasperi J, Garnaud S, Rocher V, Moilleron R. 2009. Priority pollutants in surface waters and settleable particles within a densely urbanised area: case study of Paris (France). Sci Total Environ. 407(8):2900–2980. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianessi LP. 2013. The increasing importance of herbicides in worldwide crop production. Pest Manag Sci. 69(10):1099–1105. doi:10.1002/ps.3598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill SS, Anjum NA, Hasanuzzaman M, Gill R, Trivedi DK, Ahmad I, Pereira E, Tuteja N. 2013. Glutathione and glutathione reductase: a boon in disguise for plant abiotic stress defense operations. Plant Physiol Biochem. 70:204–212. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill SS, Tuteja N. 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol Biochem. 48(12):909–930. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groll M, Opp C, Kulmatov R, Ikramova M, Normato I. 2013. Water quality, potential conflicts and solutions- an upstream-downstream analysis of the transnational Zarafshan River (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Environ Earth Sci. 73(2):743–763. doi:10.1007/s12665-013-2988-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzella L, Pozzoni F, Giuliano G. 2006. Herbicide contamination of surficial groundwater in Northern Italy. Environ Pollut. 142(2):344–353. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall JL. 2002. Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. J Exp Bot. 53(366):1–11. doi:10.1093/jexbot/53.366.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan MK, Cheng Y, Kanwar MK, Chu XY, Ahammed G, Qi ZY. 2017. Responses of plant proteins to heavy metal stress-a review. Front Plant Sci. 8:1492. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzios KK, Burgos N. 2004. Metabolism-based herbicide resistance: regulation by safeners. Weed Sci. 52(3):454–467. doi:10.1614/P2002-168C.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes D, Müller J, Carter S. 2000. Pesticide and herbicide residues in sediments and seagrasses from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and Queensland Coast. Mar Pollut Bull. 41(7–12):279–287. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00097-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirase K, Molin WT. 2001. Effect of flurazole and other safeners for chloroacetanilide herbicides on cysteine synthase in sorghum shoots. Pest Biochem Physiol. 71(2):116–123. doi:10.1006/pest.2001.2567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoagland RE, Zablotowicz RM, Locke MA. 1997. An integrated phytoremediation strategy for chloroacetamide herbicides in soil. In: Kruger EL, Anderson TA, Coats JR, editors. Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants. Washington DC: American Chemical Society. p. 92–105.
   Google Scholar
• Huong NTL, Ohtsubo M, Li L, Higashi T, Kanayama M. 2010. Heavy-Metal contamination of soil and vegetables in wastewater-irrigated agricultural soil in a suburban area of Hanoi, Vietnam. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 41:309–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablonkai I. 2013. Herbicide safeners: effective tools to improve herbicide selectivity. In: Price A, Kelton J, editors. Herbicides: current research and case studies in use. Rijeka (Croatia): IntechOpen. Chapter 23. p. 589–620.
   Google Scholar
• Jalili D, RadFard M, Soleimani H, Nabavi S, Akbari H, Akbari H, Kavosi A, Abasnia A, Adibzadeh A. 2018. Data on nitrate–nitrite pollution in the groundwater resources a Sonqor plain in Iran. Data Brief. 20:394–401. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeke NN, Zvomuya F, Cicek N, Ross L, Badiou P. 2015. Biomass, nutrient, and trace element accumulation and partitioning in cattail (Typha latifolia L.) during wetland phytoremediation of municipal biosolids. J Environ Qual. 44(5):1541–1549. doi:10.2134/jeq2015.02.0064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazi TG, Arain MB, Jamali MK, Jalbani N, Afridi HI, Sarfraz RA, Baig JA, Shah AQ. 2009. Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study. Ecotox Environ Safe. 72(2):301–309. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.024..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocsy G, von Ballmoos P, Rüegsegger AA, Szalai G, Galiba G, Brunold C. 2001. Increasing the glutathione content in a chilling-sensitive maize genotype using safeners increased protection against chilling-induced injury. Plant Physiol. 127(3):1147–1156. doi:10.1104/pp.010107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinou IK, Hela DG, Albanis TA. 2006. The status of pesticide pollution in surface waters (rivers and lakes) of Greece. Part I. Review on occurrence and levels. Environ Pollut. 141(3):555–570. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.07.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krahemer H, Laber B, Rosinger C, Schulz A. 2014. Herbicides as weed control agents: state of the Art: I. Weed control research and safener technology: the path to modern agriculture. Plant Physiol. 166:1119–1131. doi:10.1104/pp.114.241901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Gogoi A, Kumari D, Borah R, Das P, Mazumder P, Tyagi VK. 2017. Review of perspective, problems, challenges, and future scenario of metal contamination in the urban environment. J Hazard Toxic Radioact Waste. 21(4). UNSP 04017007. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Sharma A, Kaur P, Singh Sidhu GP, Bali AS, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK, Cerda A. 2019. Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: a state-of-the-art. Chemosphere. 216:449–462. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leszczyszyn OI, Imam HT, Blindauer CA. 2013. Diversity and distribution of plant metallothioneins: a review of structure, properties and functions. Metallomics. 5(9):1146–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Feng Y, Li X, Zeng D. 2018. Analytical confirmation of various herbicides in drinking water resources in sugarcane production regions of Guangxi, China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 100(6):815–820. doi:10.1007/s00128-018-2324-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin T, Hu Z, Zhang G, Li X, Xu W, Tang J, Li J. 2009. Levels and mass burden of DDTs in sediments from fishing harbors: the importance of DDT-containing antifouling paint to the coastal environment of China. Environ Sci Technol. 43(21):8033–8038. doi:10.1021/es901827b..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linacre NA, Whiting SN, Baker AJM, Angle JS, Ades PK. 2003. Transgenics and phytoremediation: the need for an integrated risk assessment, management, and communication strategy. Int J Phytoremediation. 5(2):181–185. doi:10.1080/713610179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Brazier-Hicks M, Edwards R. 2009. A kinetic model for the metabolism of the herbicide safener fenclorim in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biophys Chem. 143(1–2):85–94. doi:10.1016/j.bpc.2009.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannervik B, Carlberg I, Larson K. 1989. Glutathione: general review of mechanism of action. In: Dolphin D, Poulson R, Avramovic O, editors. Glutathione: chemical, biochemical, and medical aspects. New York: Wiley. p. 475–516.
   Google Scholar
• Merini LJ, Bobillo C, Cuadrado V, Corach D, Giulietti AM. 2009. Phytoremediation potential of the novel atrazine tolerant Lolium multiflorum and studies on the mechanisms involved. Environ Pollut. 157(11):3059–3063. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimmo T, Bartucca ML, Del Buono D, Cesco S. 2015. Italian ryegrass for the phytoremediation of solutions polluted with terbuthylazine. Chemosphere. 119:31–36. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra A, Tripathi BD. 2008. Heavy metal contamination of soil, and bioaccumulation in vegetables irrigated with treated waste water in the tropical city of Varanasi, India. Toxicol Environ Chem. 90(5):861–871. doi:10.1080/02772240701740197.
   Google Scholar
• Mogheir Y, Abdou SA, Matar S. 2016. The influence of fertilizers on groundwater quality in Gaza Strip. JWARP. 08(03):330–336. doi:10.4236/jwarp.2016.83027.
   Google Scholar
• Moratalla A, Gómez-Alday JJ, De las Heras J, Sanz D, Castaño S. 2009. Nitrate in the water-supply wells in the Mancha Oriental hydrogeological system (SE Spain). Water Resour Manage. 23(8):1621–1640. doi:10.1007/s11269-008-9344-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Jiménez E, Esteban E, Carpena-Ruiz RO, Lobo MC, Peñalosa JM. 2012. Phytostabilisation with Mediterranean shrubs and liming improved soil quality in a pot experiment with a pyrite mine soil. J Hazard Mater. 201-202:52–59. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munné-Bosch S. 2005. The role of a-tocopherol in plant stress tolerance. J Plant Physiol. 162:742–748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noctor G, Foyer HC. 1998. Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 49(1):249–279. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.249..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panfili I, Bartucca ML, Ballerini E, Del Buono D. 2017. Combination of aquatic species and safeners improve the remediation of copper pollute water. Sci Total Environ. 601-602:1263–1270. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panfili I, Bartucca ML, Del Buono D. 2019. The treatment of duckweed with a plant biostimulant or a safener improves the plant capacity to clean water polluted by terbuthylazine. Sci Total Environ. 646:832–840. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panfili I, Bartucca ML, Marrollo G, Povero G, Del Buono D. 2019. Application of a plant biostimulant to improve maize (Zea mays) tolerance to metolachlor. J Agric Food Chem. 67(44):12164–12171. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadakis EN, Tsaboula A, Kotopoulou A, Kintzikoglou K, Vryzas Z, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E. 2015. Pesticides in the surface waters of Lake Vistonis Basin, Greece: occurrence and environmental risk assessment. Sci Total Environ. 536:793–802. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paporisch A, Rubin B. 2017. Isoxadifen safening mechanismin sweet corn genotypeswith differential response to P450-metabolized herbicides. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 138:22–28. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilon-Smits E. 2005. Phytoremediation. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 56(1):15–39. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilon-Smits EAH, de Souza MP, Hong G, Amini A, Bravo RC, Payabyab ST, Terry N. 1999. Selenium volatilization and accumulation by twenty aquatic plant species. J Environ Qual. 28(3):1011–1018. doi:10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800030035x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piutti S, Marchand AL, Lagacherie B, Martin-Laurent F, Soulas G. 2002. Effect of cropping cycles and repeated herbicide applications on the degradation of diclofopmethyl, bentazone, diuron, isoproturon and pendimethalin in soil. Pest Manag Sci. 58(3):303–312. doi:10.1002/ps.459..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulford ID, Watson C. 2003. Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated land by trees-a review. Environ Int. 29(4):529–540. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00152-6..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmati O, Samani AN, Mahmoodi N, Mahdavi M. 2015. Assessment of the contribution of N-fertilizers to nitrate pollution of groundwater in Western Iran (case study: Ghorveh–Dehgelan Aquifer). Water Qual Expo Health. 7(2):143–151. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0135-5.
   Google Scholar
• Rai PK. 2008. Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems and its phytoremediation using wetland plants: an ecosustainable approach. Int J Phytoremediation. 10(2):133–160. doi:10.1080/15226510801913918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rial-Otero R, Gonzalez-Rodriguez RM, Cancho-Grande B, Simal-Gandara J. 2004. Parameters affecting extraction of selected fungicides from vineyard soils. J Agric Food Chem. 52(24):7227–7234. doi:10.1021/jf0493019..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riechers DE, Kreuz K, Zhang Q. 2010. Detoxification without intoxication: herbicide safeners activate plant defense gene expression. Plant Physiol. 153(1):3–13. doi:10.1104/pp.110.153601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosinger C. 2014. Herbicide safeners: an overview. Julius-Kühn-Arch. 443:516–525. doi:10.5073/jka.2014.443.066.
   Google Scholar
• Samarghandi MR, Mohammadi M, Karami A, Tabandeh L, Dargahi A, Amirian F. 2017. Residue analysis of pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides in various water sources using gas chromatography-mass detection. Pol J Environ Stud. 26(5):2189–2195. doi:10.15244/pjoes/70387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Miguel A, Ravanel P, Raveton M. 2013. A comparative study on the uptake and translocation of organochlorines by Phragmites australis. J Hazard Mater. 244-245:60–69. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez Perez JM, Antiguedad I, Arrate I, Garcia-Linares C, Morell I. 2003. The influence of nitrate leaching through unsaturated soil on groundwater pollution in an agricultural area of the Basque country: a case study. Sci Total Environ. 317:173–187. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00262-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez V, Lopez-Bellido FJ, Cañizares P, Rodríguez L. 2017. Assessing the phytoremediation potential of crop and grass plants for atrazine-spiked soils. Chemosphere. 185:119–126. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhi A, Landberg T, Greger M. 2018. Phytofiltration of arsenic by aquatic moss (Warnstorfia fluitans). Environ Pollut. 237:1098–1105. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma H. 2011. Metal hyperaccumulation in plants: a review focusing on phytoremediation technology. J Environ Sci Technol. 4(2):118–138. doi:10.3923/jest.2011.118.138.
   Google Scholar
• Scarponi L, Del Buono D, Quagliarini E, D'Amato R. 2009. Festuca arundinacea grass and herbicide safeners to prevent herbicide pollution. Agron Sustain Dev. 29(2):313–319. doi:10.1051/agro:2008048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarponi L, Del Buono D. 2009. Festuca arundinacea, glutathione S-transferase and herbicide safeners: a preliminary case study to reduce herbicidal pollution. J Environ Sci Health B. 44(8):805–809. doi:10.1080/03601230903238400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarponi L, Quagliarini E, Del Buono D. 2006. Induction of wheat and maize glutathione S-transferase by some herbicide safeners and their effect on enzyme activity against butachlor and terbuthylazine. Pest Manag Sci. 62(10):927–932. doi:10.1002/ps.1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder P, Collins C. 2002. Conjugating enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism of organic xenobiotics in plants. Int J Phytoremediation. 4(4):247–265. doi:10.1080/15226510208500086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgherri C, Cosi E, Navari-Izzo F. 2003. Phenols and antioxidative status of Raphanus sativus grown in copper excess. Physiol Plant. 118(1):21–28. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00068.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahid M, Pourrut B, Dumat C, Nadeem M, Aslam M, Pinelli E. 2014. Heavy-metal-induced reactive oxygen species: phytotoxicity and physicochemical changes in plants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 232:1–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma R, Bhardwaj R, Handa N, Gautam V, Kohli SK, Bali S, Kaur P, Thukral AK, Arora S, Ohri P, Vig AP. 2016. Responses of phytochelatins and metallothioneins in alleviation of heavy metal stress in plants: an overview. In: Ahmad P, editor. Plant metal interaction: emerging remediation techniques. New York: Elsevier. Chapter 10. p. 263–283. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803158-2.00010-2.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw LJ, Burns RG. 2004. Enhanced mineralization of [U-14C]2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in soil from the rhizosphere of Trifolium pratense. Appl Environ Microbiol. 70(8):4766–4774. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.8.4766-4774.2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelef O, Gross A, Rachmilevitch S. 2013. Role of plants in a constructed wetland: current and new perspectives. Water. 5(2):405–419. doi:10.3390/w5020405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siminszky B. 2006. Plant cytochrome P450-mediated herbicide metabolism. Phytochem Rev. 5(2–3):445–458.
   Google Scholar
• Sivey JD, Lehmler HJ, Salice CJ, Ricko AN, Cwiertny DM. 2015. Environmental fate and effects of dichloroacetamide herbicide safeners: “inert” yet biologically active agrochemical ingredients. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 2(10):260–269. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Xu H, Su W, Xue F, An S, Lu C, Wu R. 2018. The expression of detoxification genes in two maize cultivars by interaction of isoxadifen-ethyl and nicosulfuron. Plant Physiol Biochem. 129:101–108. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabasi S, Hassani H, Azadmehr AR. 2018. Field study on Re and heavy metal phytoextraction and phytomining potentials by native plant species growing at Sarcheshmeh copper mine tailings, SE Iran. J Min Environ. 9(1):183–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor VL, Cummins I, Brazier-Hicks M, Edwards R. 2013. Protective responses induced by herbicide safeners in wheat. Env Exp Bot. 88:93–99. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.12.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian P, Lin B. 2018. Regional technology gap in energy utilization in China's light industry sector: non-parametric meta-frontier and sequential DEA methods. J Clean Prod. 178:880–889. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapp S, Karlson U. 2001. Aspects of phytoremediation of organic pollutants. J Soils Sediments. 1(1):37–43. doi:10.1007/BF02986468.
   Google Scholar
• Urbanek H, Majorowicz H, Zalewski M, Saniewski M. 2005. Induction of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione by toxic compounds and elicitors in reed canary grass. Biotechnol Lett. 27(13):911–914. doi:10.1007/s10529-005-7181-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valipour A, Ahn YH. 2016. Constructed wetlands as sustainable ecotechnologies in decentralization practices: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 23(1):180–197. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5713-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vamerali T, Bandiera M, Mosca G. 2010. Field crops for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated land. A review. Environ Chem Lett. 8(1):1–17. doi:10.1007/s10311-009-0268-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vymazal J, Březinová T. 2015. The use of constructed wetlands for removal of pesticides from agricultural runoff and drainage: a review. Environ Int. 75:11–20. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuana RA, Okieimen FE. 2010. Phytoremediation potential of maize (Zea mays L.). A review. Afr J Gen Agric. 6(4):275–287.
   Google Scholar
• Xia H, Ma X. 2006. Phytoremediation of ethion by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from water. Bioresour Technol. 97(8):1050–1054. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav IC, Devi NL, Syed JH, Cheng Z, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. 2015. Current status of persistent organic pesticides residues in air, water, and soil, and their possible effect on neighbouring countries: a comprehensive review of India. Sci Total Environ. 511:123–137. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Zhang W, Shen Y, Feng W, Wang X. 2007. Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides using PFU systems in Yunnan lakes and rivers, China. Chemosphere. 66(2):219–225. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zayed A, Pilon-Smits E, deSouza M, Lin ZQ, Terry N. 2000. Remediation of selenium-polluted soils and waters by phytovolatilization. In: Terry N, Bañuelos G, editors. Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and water. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 61–83.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang ZL, Hong HS, Zhou JL, Huang J, Yu G. 2003. Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment from Minjiang River Estuary, Southeast China. Chemosphere. 52(9):1423–1430. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00478-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang X, Chen J, Shim H, Bai Z. 2007. New advances in plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for bioremediation. Environ Int. 33(3):406–413. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2006.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar