Development and Evaluation of an Online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Program for Anxiety: Phase I Iterative Design

References

• Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Ljotsson, B., & Hedman, E. (2013). Guided Internet-based CBT for common mental disorders. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 43(2), 223–233. doi:10.1007/s10879-013-9237-9
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, G., & Titov, N. (2014). Advantages and limitations of Internet-based interventions for common mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 13(2), 4–11. doi:10.1002/wps.20083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, L. H., Alonso, J., Mneimneh, Z., Wells, J. E., Al-Hamzawi, A., Borges, G., … Kessler, R. C. (2014). Barriers to mental health treatment: Results from the WHO world mental health (WMH) surveys. Psychological Medicine, 44(2), 1303–1317. doi:10.1017/S0033291713001943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, G., Cuijpers, P., Craske, M. G., McEvoy, P., & Titov, N. (2010). Computer therapy for the anxiety and depressive disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: A meta-analysis. PloS One, 5(2), e13196. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176–181. doi:10.1037//1040-3590.10.2.176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangor, A., Kortum, P., & Miller, J. (2008). An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24(2), 574–594. doi:10.1080/10447310802205776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak, A., Hen, L., Boniel-Nissim, M., & Shapira, N. (2008). A comprehensive review and a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Internet-based psychotherapeutic interventions. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 26(2), 109–160. doi:10.1080/15228830802094429
   Google Scholar
• Barak, A., Klein, B., & Proudfoot, J. G. (2009). Defining Internet-supported therapeutic interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38(2), 4–17. doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9130-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluett, E. J., Homan, K. J., Morrison, K. L., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2014). Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders: An empirical review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2), 612–624. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomyea, J., Lang, A. J., Craske, M. G., Chavira, D., Sherbourne, C. D., Rose, R. D., … Stein, M. B. (2013). Suicidal ideation and risk factors in primary care patients with anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research, 209(2), 60–65. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., … Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological flexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(2), 676–688. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooke, J. (1996). SUS: A ‘quick and dirty’ usability scale. In P. W. Jordan, B. Thomas, B. A. Weerdmeester, & A. L. McClelland (Eds.), Usability evaluation in industry, (pp. 189–195). London, UK: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, M., Glendenning, A., Hoon, A. E., & John, A. (2016). Effectiveness of web-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy in relation to mental health and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(2), e221. doi:10.2196.jmir.6200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caldwell, T. M., Jorm, A. J., & Dear, K. B. (2004). Suicide and mental health in rural, remote and metropolitan areas in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 181(2), S10–S14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calvo, R., & Peters, D. (2014). Positive computing: Technology for wellbeing and human potential. Boston, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, K., Strauss, C., Cicconi, F., Griffiths, N., Wyper, A., & Jones, F. (2013). A randomised controlled trial of a brief online mindfulness-based intervention. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(2), 573–578. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, H., Batterham, P., & Calear, A. (2014). Online interventions for anxiety disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(2), 7–13. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Farrer, L. (2009). Adherence in Internet interventions for anxiety and depression: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11(2), e13. doi:10.2196/jmir.1194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clara, I. P., Cox, B. J., & Enns, M. W. (2001). Confirmatory factor analysis of the depression-anxiety-stress scales in depressed and anxious patients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(2), 61–67. doi:10.1023/A:1011095624717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hilldale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlin, M., Andersson, G., Magnusson, K., Johansson, T., Sjorgren, J., Hakansson, A., … Carlbring, P. (2016a). Internet-delivered acceptance-based behaviour therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 77, 86–95. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlin, M., Ryberg, M., Vernmark, K., Annas, N., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2016b). Internet-delivered acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A pilot study. Internet Interventions, 6, 16–21. doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.08.004
   Google Scholar
• Dear, B. F., Titov, N., Sunderland, M., McMillan, D., Anderson, T., Lorian, C., & Robinson, E. (2011). Psychometric comparison of the generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 and the Penn state worry questionnaire for measuring response during treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(2), 216–227. doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.582138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eifert, G. H., & Forsyth, J. P. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders: A practitioner’s treatment guide to using mindfulness, acceptance, and values-based behavior change strategies. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Eysenbach, G. (2005). The law of attrition. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7(2), e11. doi:10.2196/jmir.7.1.e11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, T. D., Hunter, P. V., Hadjistavopoulos, T., & Koocher, G. P. (2010). Ethical and legal considerations for Internet-based psychotherapy. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39(2), 173–187. doi:10.1080/16506071003636046
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fledderus, M., Oude Voshaar, M. A., ten Klooster, P. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2012). Further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 925–936. doi:10.1037/a0028200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamm, L., Stone, S., & Pittman, S. (2010). Mental health and mental disorders—A rural challenge: A literature review. Rural Healthy People, 2, 97–113.
   Google Scholar
• Gershkovich, M. (2015). A randomized trial of an Internet-based self-help intervention for social anxiety disorder with and without therapist support (Doctoral thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database (Record No. 3708399).
   Google Scholar
• Gershkovich, M., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., & Glassman, L. (2016). Guided Internet-based self-help intervention for social anxiety disorder with videoconferenced therapist support. Cognitive and Behavioural Practice, 23(2), 239–255. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady, D., Cummings, S. R., & Hulley, S. B. (2013). Alternative clinical trial designs and implementation issues. In S. B. Hulley, S. R. Cummings, W. S. Browner, D. G. Grady, & T. B. Newman (Eds.), Designing clinical research, (pp. 152–171). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10(2), 113–122. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haller, H., Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Gass, F., & Dobos, G. J. (2014). The prevalence and burden of subthreshold generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 14(2), 128–141. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, R. (2009). ACT made simple: An easy-to-read primer to acceptance and commitment therapy. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C. (2005). Get out of your mind and into your life: The new acceptance and commitment therapy. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180–198. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change, (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239. doi:10.1348/014466505X29657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilvert-Bruce, Z., Roussouw, P. J., Wong, N., Sunderland, M., & Andrews, G. (2012). Adherence as a determinant of effectiveness of Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depressive disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(2), 463–468. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, E. (2007). Disadvantage and discontent: A review of issues relevant to the mental health of rural and remote indigenous Australians. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 15(2), 88–93. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2007.00869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F. (2012). Mental health literacy: Empowering the community to take action for better mental health. The American Psychologist, 67(2), 231–243. doi:10.1037/a0025957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F., Morgan, A. J., & Malhi, G. S. (2013). The future of e-mental health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(2), 104–106. doi:10.1177/0004867412474076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Lowe, B. (2010). The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(2), 345–359. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, M. E. (2013). Evaluating a prototype of acceptance and commitment training web-based prevention program for depression and anxiety in college students (Doctoral thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database (Record No. 3595669).
   Google Scholar
• Levin, M. E., Pistorello, J., Hayes, S. C., Seeley, J. R., & Levin, C. (2015). Feasibility of an acceptance and commitment therapy adjunctive web-based program for counselling centers. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 529–536. doi:10.1037/cou0000083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, M. E., Pistorello, J., Seeley, J. R., & Hayes, S. C. (2014). Feasibility of a prototype web-based acceptance and commitment therapy prevention program for college students. Journal of American College Health, 62(2), 20–30. doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.843533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljotsson, B., Atterlof, E., Lagerlof, M., Andersson, E., Jernelov, S., Hedman, E., … Wicksell, R. K. (2014). Internet-delivered acceptance and values-based exposure treatment for fibromyalgia: a pilot study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43(2), 93–104. doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.846401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales, (2nd ed.). Sydney, Australia: Psychology Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, B., Decker, O., Muller, S., Brahler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008). Validation and standardization of the generalized anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Medical Care, 46, 266–274. doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318160d093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy, P. M., Grove, R., & Slade, T. (2011). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the Australian general population: Findings of the 2007 Australian national survey of mental health and wellbeing. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(2), 957–967. doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.624083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melville, K. M., Casey, L. M., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2010). Dropout from Internet-based treatment for psychological disorders. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(2), 455–471. doi:10.31348/014466509X472138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newman, M. G., Erickson, T., Przeworski, A., & Dzus, E. (2003). Self-help and minimal-contact therapies for anxiety disorders: Is human contact necessary for therapeutic efficacy? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(2), 251–274. doi:10.1002/jclp.10128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordgreen, T., Havik, O. E., Ost, L., Furmark, T., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2012). Outcome predictors in guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(2), 13–21. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2007). Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 572–581. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pots, W. T., Fledderus, M., Meulenbeek, P. A., ten Klooster, P. M., Schreurs, K. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a web-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(2), 69–77. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.146068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, D. A. (2012). Stepped care: A method to deliver increased access to psychological therapies. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(2), 210–215. doi:10.1177/070674371205700403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards, D. A., & Suckling, R. (2009). Improving access to psychological therapies: Phase IV prospective cohort study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 377–396. doi:10.1348/014466509X405178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy-Byrne, P. P., Davidson, K. W., Kessler, R. C., Asmundson, G. J., Goodwin, R. D., Kubzansky, L., … Stein, M. B. (2008). Anxiety disorders and comorbid medical illness. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30(2), 208–225. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sentell, T., Shumway, M., & Snowden, L. (2007). Access to mental health treatment by English language proficiency and race/ethnicity. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(S2), 289–293. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0345-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair, S. J., Siefert, C. J., Slavin-Mulford, J. M., Stein, M. B., Renna, M., & Blais, M. A. (2012). Psychometric evaluation and normative data for the depression, anxiety, and stress scales-21 (DASS-21) in a nonclinical sample of U.S. adults. Evaluation and the Health Professions, 35(2), 259–279. doi:10.1177/0163278711424282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spek, V., Cuijpers, P., Nyklicek, I., Riper, H., Keyzer, J., & Pop, V. (2007). Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 37(2), 319–328. doi:10.1017/S0033291706008944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Lowe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(2), 1092–1097. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swain, J., Hancock, K., Hainsworth, C., & Bowman, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of anxiety: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(2), 965–978. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teesson, M., Slade, T., & Mills, K. (2009). Comorbidity in Australia: Findings of the 2007 national survey of mental health and wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(2), 606–614. doi:10.1080/00048670902970908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., Lorian, C., Zou, J., Wootton, B., … Rapee, R. M. (2013). Improving adherence and clinical outcomes in self-guided Internet treatment for anxiety and depression: Randomised controlled trial. PloS One, 8(2), e62873. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trompetter, H. R., Bohlmeijer, E. T., Veehof, M. M., & Schreurs, K. M. (2015). Internet-based guided self-help intervention for chronic pain based on acceptance and commitment therapy: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(2), 66–80. doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9579-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, D. L., Heimerdinger-Edwards, S. R., Hammer, J. H., & Hubbard, A. (2011). “Boys don’t cry”: Examination of the links between endorsement of masculine norms, self-stigma, and help-seeking attitudes for men from diverse backgrounds. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 58(2), 368–382. doi:10.1037/a0023688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waghorn, G., Chant, D., White, P., & Whiteford, H. (2005). Disability, employment and work performance among people with ICD-10 anxiety disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(1–2), 55–66. doi:10.1080/j.1440.1614.2005.01510.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar